What is out there Flashcards
Among the proteobacteria are these bacteria are interesting gliding bacteria that produce “fruiting bodies” under conditions of starvation. They also glide along surfaces due to a polysaccharide slime
Myxobacteria
Type of bacteria among the ancestors of the mitochondria, Rhizobium in plant roots, and rickettsias pathogens in cells of animals
Proteobacteria
These are among the most distinctive bacteria
they move by a spiraling corkscrew motion.
They can be free living or parasitic.
Syphilis and Lyme’s disease are caused by them
Spirochetes
Although we know very little about them, the these are some of the most abundant, and important, organisms on the planet.
The group is very ancient-some bear a striking resemblance to fossils dated at more than two billion years old and many exploit ecological niches that were probably more important billions of years ago. Though the majority live in ordinary habitats, the group includes many extremophiles.
Archea
The ancestor of this cell type was probably an amalgam of prokaryote species, and possibly a viral component as well.
Eukaryote
There are about how many eukaryote kingdoms that include groups formerly classified as protists, like diplomonads and parabasalids
Eukaryotes
eukaryotes that are unicellular for most of their life cycle.
Protists
Several groups have independently acquired photosynthesis, and become “algae”, others have evolved multicellularity into animals, fungi, and slime molds.
Protists
These are a kingdom of organisms that includes decomposers, parasites, and mutualisms.
Fungi
Four major groups of fungi
Chrytridomycots
Zygomycots
Ascomycots
Basidiomycots
This group includes the green plants and the basal “bush” from which they originated. They have chlorophyls a and b, as well as certain other distinguishing characteristics.
Green Algae-Chlorophytes
Charophytes
Plants
Viridiplantae
These include several groups of multicellular, terrestrial photosynthesizers, including Bryophytes-mosses, etc. Pteridophytes-ferns. Gymnosperms Angiosperms-flowering plants
True Plants
How many present day animal phyla are there?
About 30
Concept that encompasses the genetic diversity within populations, the number of species or lineages, and communities and ecosystems
Biodiversity
Number of species in a given habitat
Alpha diversity
Accounts for the diversity of habitats and the change in species from one habitat to the next
Beta Diversity
Considers the total number of species
Gamma diversity
How does pollination demonstrate that ecology and evolution are closely aligned
Pollination syndromes that many taxa match
They evolve in disparate types of plants, and pollinators exploit these syndromes
A flower evolving longer corolla to ensure pollination and the subsequent evolution of longer hawkmoth tongues is an example of
Coevolution
The competition of among plants for pollinators, and therefore specialization to match those pollinators represents what in terms of ecology and evolution?
Ecology
Peponapis pruinosa (squash bees) and it’s flower are an example of the ecological aspects of evolution
Woo!
open flowers, easy to reach pollen, accessible nectaries. Large amounts of pollen because most of the visitors are after pollen. Usually early spring.
Flies and generalists
moderately long corollas, flowers are white, blue, yellow, infrared, small amounts of sucrose-concentrated nectar, sometimes a “landing pad” for bees, and sometimes petals that must be pushed apart for the bee to reach the nectar. Scented flowers, open in daytime. Sticky pollen that bees can easily collect and transport, nectar guides.
Long tongued Bees
white, yellow, infrared flowers, short corollas with easily available pollen, no special tricks with petals, but usually asymmetric. Scented flowers open in daytime. Sticky pollen. Sucrose-dominated nectar in variable amounts.
Short Tongued Bees
as with long-tongued bee flowers, but bee must hang upside and buzz to release pollen.
Bumblebees
very long corollas that effectively force the moth to push its face into the stamens in order to reach reward (moths are not after pollen, so they must be tricked into transporting it), white flowers that are heavily scented and open at night, small amounts of concentrated nectar
Hawkmoths
Same as hawkmoths, but flowers run more to the pink or lavender and have a landing platform
Butterflies
red flowers (only vertebrates see that color well) with very long corollas and large amounts of dilute nectar, flowers open in daytime, and bird is forced to push face into stamens in order to feed. No scent
Hummingbirds
large amounts of dusty pollen that will stick to mammal hairs, very big flowers that bats can reach into with their faces, open at night,
Bats
flowers smell like carrion and offer large amounts of pollen
Beetles
