What is History? Flashcards
TOPIC 1
1
Q
What is history?
A
Everything that happened in the past
It is also an account of the past.
2
Q
Define history in simple terms.
A
Both the past and the study of the past.
3
Q
What is the Greek origin of the word ‘history’?
A
Derived from the Greek word ‘historia’, meaning ‘inquiry’ or ‘knowledge from inquiry’.
4
Q
What does the term ‘scientia’ refer to in the context of history?
A
Non-chronological systematic accounts of natural phenomena.
5
Q
What is a common definition of history?
A
The past of mankind.
6
Q
What are the three concepts of history?
A
- History-activity *
- History-as-record *
- History-as-historiography *
7
Q
Why study history?
A
Ignorance of history deprives us to comprehend about the past.
8
Q
What can an examination of the past tell us?
A
A great deal about how we came to be who we are.
9
Q
What is the role of a historian?
A
Endeavors to reconstruct as much of the past of mankind as he can.
10
Q
What must a historian ensure about their records?
A
That they really come from the past and are factual.
11
Q
Fill in the blank: History is a systematic account for a set of natural phenomena, whether or not chronological ordering was a factor in the account, as stated by _______.
A
[Aristotle]
12
Q
True or False: The word ‘history’ was historically reserved for accounts of human affairs in non-chronological order.
A
False
13
Q
What are the limitations of a historian’s imagination?
A
It is directed towards recreation and not creation.
14
Q
What is the importance of lessons from history?
A
They help us understand the past.
15
Q
What does the historian’s task involve?
A
Recording causal relations and developments of past human events.
16
Q
What is historiography?
A
The imaginative reconstruction of the past from the data derived by that process
Historiography refers to the writing of history and encompasses various methodologies and approaches to historical research.
17
Q
What does positivism emphasize?
A
Empirical and observable evidence before one can claim that particular knowledge is true
Positivism emerged between the 18th and 19th centuries as a school of thought.
18
Q
What is post-colonialism?
A
A school of thought that emerged in the early 20th century when formerly colonized nations grappled with creating their identities against their colonial past
Post-colonialism critically examines the effects of colonization on cultures and societies.
19
Q
What are the two main goals in writing history according to post-colonialism?
A
- To tell the history of their nation that highlights their identity, free from colonial discourse
- To criticize the methods, effects, and ideas of colonialism
These goals reflect the desire for self-definition and critique of colonial narratives.
20
Q
What is the Annales School of History?
A
A school of history born in France that challenged the canons of history
Scholars like Lucien Febvre and Fernand Braudel integrated history with other disciplines.
21
Q
What disciplines did Annales thinkers incorporate into history?
A
- Geography
- Anthropology
- Archaeology
- Linguistics
This interdisciplinary approach aimed to provide a more comprehensive understanding of historical events.
22
Q
What significant changes occurred in Philippine historiography?
A
Several changes since the pre-colonial period until the present
Filipino historian Zeus Salazar introduced new guiding philosophy for writing and teaching history.
23
Q
Fill in the blank: The writing of history is called _______.
A
[historiography]
24
Q
True or False: Positivism requires theoretical knowledge over empirical evidence.
A
False
25
What is the focus of post-colonial thought?
Creating identities and understanding societies in the context of their colonial past
## Footnote
This focus often leads to a re-evaluation of historical narratives and cultural identity.
26
What is the importance of facilitating internal conversation among Filipinos about their own history?
It emphasizes the need for a shared understanding using language that everyone can comprehend.
27
Define historical method.
The process of critically examining and analyzing the records and survivals of the past.
28
What is the objective of historical knowledge?
The intention of acquiring detached and truthful knowledge independent of one’s personal reactions.
29
What is subjective knowledge in history?
Inferior to objective knowledge, it is illusory and based upon personal considerations, hence either untrue or biased.
30
List the two main types of sources in history.
* Primary Sources
* Secondary Sources
31
What are historical sources?
An object from the past or testimony concerning the past on which historians depend to create their own depiction of the past.
32
What do tangible remains of the past refer to?
Physical artifacts that provide evidence of historical events.
33
True or False: Historians only use materials found in books.
False
34
Where might historians search for official records?
* Archives
* Courthouses
* Government libraries
35
Fill in the blank: The process of critically examining and analyzing the records and _______ of the past is known as historical method.
[survivals]
36
What must an objective thing have according to the definition provided?
An independent existence outside of the human mind.
37
What is the main difference between objective and subjective knowledge?
Objective knowledge is detached and truthful, while subjective knowledge is based on personal considerations.
38
What materials do historians depend on to create their depictions of the past?
Sources, both primary and secondary.
39
What is the role of museums in historical research?
They provide access to archaeological, epigraphical, or numismatic materials.
40
True or False: Private papers are always available in official collections.
False
41
Where might historians look for private papers not available in official collections?
* Papers of business houses
* Rooms of old houses
* Possessions of collectors
42
What is a primary source?
A document or physical object created during the time under study.
## Footnote
Primary sources provide firsthand accounts or evidence of events.
43
What do primary sources offer regarding historical events?
An inside view of a particular event.
## Footnote
This perspective is crucial for understanding the context and details of historical occurrences.
44
List the four categories of primary sources.
* Written Sources
* Oral Testimonies
* Artifacts
* Images
45
What is a secondary source?
A source that interprets and analyzes primary sources, usually one or more steps removed from the event.
## Footnote
Secondary sources provide context and commentary on primary sources.
46
What are some features of secondary sources?
They may contain pictures, quotes, or graphics of primary sources.
## Footnote
This helps in visualizing and understanding the information from primary sources.
47
What types of sources are divided into primary and secondary?
Written and oral sources.
## Footnote
This classification helps historians distinguish between firsthand accounts and interpretations.
48
What constitutes a primary source in terms of eyewitness testimony?
The testimony of an eyewitness or any other witness by any of the senses.
## Footnote
Eyewitness accounts provide direct evidence of events.
49
What is required for a secondary source to be considered valid?
It must have been produced by a contemporary of the events it narrates.
## Footnote
This ensures the analysis is relevant and informed by the context of the event.
50
True or False: A secondary source must be an original document.
False.
## Footnote
Secondary sources do not need to be original in the legal sense; they can be interpretations or analyses.
51
What distinguishes original sources from other types?
* Contains fresh and creative ideas
* Not translated from other languages
* In its earliest unpublished stage
* Its text is the approved, unmodified version
* It is the earliest available source of the information it provides.
52
What is the importance of primary sources for historians?
They provide direct evidence and firsthand accounts of historical events.
## Footnote
This direct evidence is crucial for accurate historical analysis and interpretation.
53
What is a primary source?
A source that provides direct or firsthand evidence about an event, object, person, or work of art.
## Footnote
Examples include original documents, diaries, interviews, and artifacts.
54
What are two key senses in which historians use primary sources?
1. To describe a source, unpublished, uncopied, untranslated, as it is issued from the hands of the authors.
2. To provide the earliest available information regarding the question under investigation.
## Footnote
This highlights the importance of context and authenticity in historical research.
55
Fill in the blank: A source that gives the earliest available information regarding the question under investigation is known as a _______.
[primary source]
56
True or False: Primary sources must always be original in both senses described.
False
## Footnote
Primary sources need not be original in both senses but must be derived or firsthand as to their testimony.
57
List some examples of primary sources.
* Tools
* Coins
* Potsherds
* Clothing
* Furniture
* Audio recordings
* Government documents
* Patents
* Scientific journal articles
## Footnote
This list captures a variety of formats and types of primary sources used in research.
58
What types of documents are considered primary sources in personal narratives?
* Autobiography and memoirs
* Diaries and personal letters
* Interviews and fieldwork
* Internet communications (email, blogs)
* Photographs and drawings
* Works of art and literature
## Footnote
These documents provide personal insights and firsthand accounts of experiences.
59
What is a secondary source?
A source that provides analysis, interpretation, or commentary on primary sources.
## Footnote
Examples include bibliographies, reference works, and articles written after the event.
60
List examples of secondary sources.
* Bibliographies
* Bibliographical works
* Reference books (dictionaries, encyclopedias)
* Articles from magazines and journals after the event
## Footnote
Secondary sources are valuable for contextualizing and interpreting primary source material.
61
Fill in the blank: Research data, such as census statistics, is considered a _______.
[primary source]
62
What types of records are included in primary sources for organizations and government agencies?
* Official records
* Unofficial records
## Footnote
These records are crucial for understanding historical governance and organizational behavior.
63
What are some examples of literature reviews and news articles?
Movie reviews and book reviews
## Footnote
These types of analyses provide critical perspectives on various forms of media.
64
What types of books provide historical insights?
History books and other popular or scholarly books
## Footnote
These resources often summarize significant events and interpretations.
65
What do works of criticism and interpretation focus on?
They analyze and provide insights into historical events or artifacts.
66
What is included in commentaries and treatises?
Detailed discussions and explanations on specific subjects.
67
What is the primary purpose of textbooks?
To provide structured educational content on a subject.
68
What do indexes and abstracts offer?
Summaries and organized references for research materials.
69
How can historical truths be derived?
Immediately from artifacts and materials.
70
What is an example of an artifact?
A piece of pottery, a building made of mortared brick, a manuscript written in cursive hand, a painting done in oils.
71
Are artifacts the essence of historical study?
No, artifacts are not the essence of the study.
72
What dynamic aspects do historians deal with?
Dynamic (the becoming) and static (the being or the become) aspects.
73
What is the aim of historians in their work?
To be interpretive as well as descriptive.
74
Can the human context of artifacts be recaptured with certainty?
No, it can never be recaptured with any degree of certainty.
75
What does the term 'document' refer to in history?
Written source of historical information.
76
What are the three senses in which 'document' is used?
* Written source of historical information
* Reserved for official and state papers
* Any process of proof based on any kind of source
77
What does 'documentation' signify in historical context?
Any process of proof based on any kind of source whether written, oral, pictorial, or archaeological.
78
What does a document become synonymous with?
Source, whether written or not, official or not, primary or not.
79
What is a human document?
An account of individual experience revealing actions as human agent and participant in social contexts.
80
What are dual actions in relation to human agency?
Dual actions refer to the roles individuals play as human agents and as participants in social life.
81
Define Personal Document in the context of self-revealing records.
A Personal Document is any self-revealing record that intentionally or unintentionally yields information regarding the structure, dynamics, and functioning of the author's mental life.
82
What significant archaeological undertakings occurred in the Philippines before 1926?
Two important archaeological undertakings occurred:
* Alfred Marche's work in 1881
* Feodor Jagor's report of a priest in Naga collecting artifacts.
83
Who conducted the first systematic work in prehistoric archaeology in the Philippines?
Carl Guthe of the University of Michigan conducted the first systematic work between 1922 and 1925.
84
What was the purpose of Carl Guthe's prehistoric archaeology work?
The purpose was to collect Chinese ceramics exported to the Philippines from China to aid in reconstructing Philippine-Chinese relationships.
85
True or False: Much of the archaeological knowledge before 1946 was due to Henry O. Beyer's pioneering work.
True
86
Name two archaeologists who conducted post-war excavations in the Philippines.
Two archaeologists include:
* Wilhelm Solheim II
* Robert Fox.
87
What areas did Robert Fox and Alfredo Evangelista conduct excavations?
They conducted excavations in the caves of Cagraray, Albay & Sorsogon.
88
Fill in the blank: From 1926 to the outbreak of the Second World War, much of what was archaeologically known was the result of the pioneering work of _______.
Henry O. Beyer
89
What increased interest occurred after World War II in the Philippines?
There was an increase in interest in the prehistoric beginnings of the Philippines.
90
What significant academic field was included in the curriculum of the University of the Philippines?
Systematic archaeology
## Footnote
This inclusion reflects a commitment to the study of cultural heritage and historical analysis.
91
What was the first extensive post-war archaeological work in the Philippines?
Calatagan diggings conducted by the National Museum from 1958 to 1962
## Footnote
This project marked a significant milestone in Philippine archaeology.
92
Who conducted excavations in Marinduque in the early 1960s?
E. Arsenio Manuel
## Footnote
His work contributed to the understanding of archaeological sites in the region.
93
What region saw archaeological explorations led by anthropologists in the 1960s?
Southern regions of Visayas and Mindanao
## Footnote
These explorations were key to understanding the cultural history of these areas.
94
Who assisted the National Museum in excavations at Kulaman Plateau in 1963-64?
Marcelito Maceda of USC
## Footnote
His contributions were significant in uncovering limestone burial jars.
95
In what year did Samuel Briones report the presence of limestone burial jars in several caves?
1966
## Footnote
This report highlighted the archaeological significance of the Kulaman Plateau area.
96
Which university conducted archaeological research in Sang-a-Sang-a Tawi-Tawi in 1967?
University of Pittsburgh
## Footnote
Alexander Spochr led this significant research initiative.
97
During which years were archaeological diggings conducted in Cebu, Laguna, Palawan, and Nueva Ecija?
1968 to 1970
## Footnote
These diggings involved Filipino students and universities abroad.
98
What major shift occurred in archaeological research and excavations in 1970?
A shift in focus
## Footnote
Specific details on the nature of this shift are not provided.
99
Who returned to Ifugao in 1973 to document the dates of the rice terraces?
Robert Maher of the University of Western Wisconsin
## Footnote
His research utilized radiocarbon dating to establish historical timelines.
100
What did radiocarbon-14 tests reveal about the dates of the rice terraces?
Between 800 to 1000 BP
## Footnote
This finding has implications for understanding the agricultural history of the region.
101
What challenge did Felix Keesing's suggestion present regarding the movement of Central Cordillera people?
It suggested their movement into the interior due to Spanish pressure
## Footnote
This challenges previous conclusions about the timeline and causes of settlement patterns.
102
True or False: The rice terraces were constructed about 3000 BC according to Maher's data.
False
## Footnote
Maher's data challenged earlier conclusions about the construction timeline.
103
When were the earliest eraces constructed?
About 3000 BC
104
What was the most dramatic archaeological digging in the Philippines?
Excavations in Tabon and other caves in Palawan by the National Museum archaeologists
105
What other promising archaeological sites were found in the Philippines?
Sites in Cagayan Valley
106
What did data from Cagayan Valley indicate?
Close association of fossil remains of ancient animals and stone tools made by prehistoric men
107
Which ancient animals' remains were found during excavations?
* Elephants
* Stegodonts
108
What was reinforced by the preliminary findings of Ateneo de Manila University group?
The Cagayan Valley theory
109
How many cultural periods were represented in the stratified sites uncovered by the Ateneo group?
At least four cultural periods
110
How long does the development of culture in the area span?
At least 40,000 years
111
What are the two categories of dating techniques used in the Philippines?
* Traditional technique
* Modern technique
112
What does the traditional technique of dating establish?
Dates based on historical records, nature of artifacts, and geological layers
113
What does the modern technique of dating employ?
Carbon-14 determinations of organic samples
114
What adverse effect has the advent of antique collectors caused?
Damage to archaeological sites
115
What is pothunting?
Unsystematic diggings of prehistoric sites by private collectors and untrained individuals
116
What does pothunting contribute to?
Destruction of the only source of evidence about early lifeways in the country
117
What is a challenge faced by systematic excavations?
Lack of support
118
What is a characteristic of systematic fieldwork?
Takes time and is often very expensive
119
What is the significance of archaeological fieldwork?
It takes time and is often very expensive.
120
When was the Laguna Copper Plate discovered?
1989.
121
Where was the Laguna Copper Plate found?
Lumban River, Lumban municipality, Laguna province.
122
What century does the Laguna Copper Plate date back to?
10th century A.D.
123
What is the historical context of the Otton Death Mask?
San Antonio, Otton, Iloilo, 14th-15th century A.D.
124
What was the time frame for the site investigation of the Manunggul Jar?
1962-65.
125
Where was the Manunggul Jar discovered?
Lipuun Point, Palawan.
126
What is the date range for the Manunggul Jar?
890-710 B.C.
127
What is the purpose of external criticism?
To determine the authenticity or genuineness of a historical document.
128
What factors may influence the production of a document?
* Authorship
* Time
* Place
* Purpose
* Circumstances or composition
129
True or False: External criticism is useful in internal criticism.
True.
130
What questions are important in external criticism?
* Who was the author?
* What are his qualifications as a reporter?
* What were his special qualifications and disqualifications?
* How soon after the event was the documentary written?
* How is the document related to other documents?
131
What does external criticism detect?
* Forgeries and hoaxes
* Authorship, time, and filiation of documents
* Incorrect borrowings
* Inventions and distortions
132
What is the focus of internal criticism?
Determining the true meaning and value of statements contained in a document.
133
Fill in the blank: External criticism is used to determine the _______ of a historical document.
[authenticity or genuineness]
134
What does external criticism help to identify?
Forgeries and hoaxes.
135
What is a key aspect of document evaluation in external criticism?
Assessing the authorship, time, and purpose.
136
True or False: The Manunggul Jar dates back to the 15th century.
False.
137
What is a significant finding from the Laguna Copper Plate?
It provides insight into 10th-century Philippine history.
138
What is the positive aspect of examining statements in a document?
Efforts made to discover the true meaning of the contents.
139
What is the negative aspect of examining statements in a document?
Efforts exerted in finding reasons for disbelieving the contents.
140
What question should be asked to determine the author's intentions?
What did the author mean by this particular statement?
141
What is necessary to distinguish the real meaning from the literal meaning?
Understanding the context and nuances of the statement.
142
Was the statement made in good faith?
This question assesses the author's sincerity.
143
What factors might influence the author's perspective?
Sympathy, antipathy, vanity, public opinion.
144
What does it indicate if the author is not the original observer?
It is necessary to determine the truth and accuracy of the source.
145
What is a potential limitation of the author's observation?
The author could be a poor observer due to mental defect or abnormality.
146
What question should be asked regarding the author's timing and place of observation?
Was the author's situation badly timed or placed to observe?
147
What should be evaluated regarding the author's accuracy?
Was the statement accurate?
148
What could indicate bias in the author's perspective?
The author's personal vested interest.
149
What types of groups might introduce bias or prejudice?
* Race * Nation * Party * Region * Sect * Social level * Economic group * Profession
150
What is a conventional form of statement?
A set of formulas rather than true sentiments being expressed.
151
What evidence might indicate vanity or boasting from the author?
Presence of self-promotion or excessive pride in the statement.
152
To what extent does the author seek to please specific individuals?
This assesses potential bias in the author's intent.
153
Fill in the blank: The examination of the author's motives includes looking for _______.
[evidence of bias or ulterior motives]
154
What is the primary purpose of a text?
To understand what the object is used for and what the text says
## Footnote
This includes analyzing the context and the visual elements present.
155
Who is responsible for creating the text?
The author
## Footnote
Understanding the author's identity can provide insights into the text's perspective.
156
What does 'slant' refer to in analysis?
The presence of bias and the point of view from which the source is presented
## Footnote
It is crucial to identify any slant to understand the text's reliability.
157
What is meant by 'time period' in historical analysis?
The historical context and events occurring at the time the text was created
## Footnote
This helps frame the text within its temporal setting.
158
Is history considered a science or a part of the humanities?
It can be viewed as both a science and a field within the humanities
## Footnote
This duality allows for the application of scientific methods to historical inquiry.
159
What characterizes scientific and historical methods?
They are systematic, sequential, logical, and progressive in definite steps
## Footnote
These methods are essential for rigorous analysis in both sciences and history.
160
What limits historical knowledge?
The incompleteness of records and the inability to recall the past
## Footnote
Many human affairs leave no traces, making historical reconstruction challenging.
161
What is a significant issue with the records of the past?
Most of human affairs happen without leaving any records behind
## Footnote
This results in a limited understanding of historical events.
162
What is a 'concept of change' in history?
An understanding of how events and circumstances evolve over time
## Footnote
This concept highlights the dynamic nature of historical narratives.
163
What does the 'concept of continuity' refer to?
The persistence of certain elements or themes throughout history
## Footnote
Recognizing continuity helps in understanding long-term trends.
164
Define the 'concept of multiple causation.'
The idea that events are usually the result of various interrelated causes
## Footnote
This concept encourages a multifaceted approach to historical analysis.
165
What is the 'concept of significance' in history?
The importance or impact of historical events or figures
## Footnote
Determining significance helps prioritize which events merit deeper study.
166
What does the 'concept of sources' entail?
Understanding the origins and types of evidence used in historical research
## Footnote
Sources can vary from primary documents to secondary analyses.
167
Explain the 'concept of evidence' in historical studies.
The data and information used to support historical claims and interpretations
## Footnote
Evidence is crucial for validating historical narratives.
168
What is meant by 'concept of framework'?
The structure within which historical analysis is conducted
## Footnote
Frameworks help organize thoughts and methodologies in historical research.
169
Define the 'concept of context' in historical analysis.
The circumstances surrounding an event or text that influence its interpretation
## Footnote
Contextual understanding is vital for accurate historical analysis.
170
True or False: There is a single understanding of truth in history.
False
## Footnote
Different historians can interpret the same events in various ways.
171
What can result from different historians analyzing the same period?
They can reach different conclusions about the same events or issues
## Footnote
This reflects the subjective nature of historical interpretation.
172
What characterizes history as a discipline?
It is composed of competing and conflicting arguments and viewpoints
## Footnote
History is dynamic and constantly evolving with new interpretations.
173
EXAMPLES OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES IN THE PHILIPPINE HISTORY
1.) LAGUNA COPPER PLATE
2.) OTON DEATH MASK
3.) MANUNGGUL JAR
174
What does P.A.S.T mean?
Purpose
Author
Slant
Time Period
