What Is History? Flashcards
gladiator n. /ˈɡlædieɪtər/
(in ancient Rome) a man trained to fight other men or animals in order to entertain the public n.
(in ancient Rome) a man trained to fight other men or animals in order to entertain the public n.
gladiator n. /ˈɡlædieɪtər/
coliseum n. /ˌkɑːləˈsiːəm/
(also colosseum)
a large building used for sports events, entertainment, exhibitions, etc. n.
Ex.: With a seasonal schedule, the State Fair uses the coliseum all year round.
Ex.2: The Hornets attracted an average of 23 000 fans at Charlotte Coliseum.
a large building used for sports events, entertainment, exhibitions, etc. n.
coliseum n. /ˌkɑːləˈsiːəm/
(also colosseum)
Ex.: With a seasonal schedule, the State Fair uses the coliseum all year round.
Ex.2: The Hornets attracted an average of 23 000 fans at Charlotte Coliseum.
invade v. /ɪnˈveɪd/
[int, trans]to enter a country, town, etc. using military force in order to take control of it v.
Ex.: Troops invaded on August 9th that year.
Ex.2:When did the Romans invade Britain?
[int, trans]to enter a country, town, etc. using military force in order to take control of it v.
invade v. /ɪnˈveɪd/
Ex.: Troops invaded on August 9th that year.
Ex.2:When did the Romans invade Britain?
(esp. Br.) enquiry n.
(Am., Br. alsoinquiry)
/ɪnˈkwaɪəri/
[count]an official process to find out the cause of st or to find out information about st / investigação n.
Ex.: a murder enquiry
Ex.2:apublic enquiryinto the environmental effects of the proposed new road
Ex.3: tohold/conduct/launch an enquiryinto the affair
Ex.4: I’ll have tomakea fewenquiries(= try to find out about it)and get back to you.
Ex.5: Forfurther enquiries, please call…
[count]an official process to find out the cause of st or to find out information about st / investigação n.
(esp. Br.) enquiry n.
(Am., Br. alsoinquiry)
/ɪnˈkwaɪəri/
Ex.: a murder enquiry
Ex.2:apublic enquiryinto the environmental effects of the proposed new road
Ex.3: tohold/conduct/launch an enquiryinto the affair
Ex.4: I’ll have tomakea fewenquiries(= try to find out about it)and get back to you.
Ex.5: Forfurther enquiries, please call…
distinct a. /dɪˈstɪŋkt/
clearly different or of a different kind a.
Ex.: The results of the survey fell into two distinct groups.
Ex.2: Jamaican reggae music is quite distinct from North American jazz or blues.
Ex.3: We are talking about rural areas, as distinct from major cities.
clearly different or of a different kind a.
distinct a. /dɪˈstɪŋkt/
Ex.: The results of the survey fell into two distinct groups.
Ex.2: Jamaican reggae music is quite distinct from North American jazz or blues.
Ex.3: We are talking about rural areas, as distinct from major cities.
consequence n. /ˈkɑːnsɪkwens/
[count, usually pl] a result of st that has happened, esp an unpleasant result n.
Ex.: Remember that actions have consequences.
Ex.2: to suffer/face the consequences of something
Ex.3: dire/disastrous/negative/adverse consequences
Ex.4: Have you considered the possible consequences?
Ex.5: Reform often produces unintended consequences.
Ex.6: They must be prepared to accept the consequences of their actions.
Ex.7: A White House spokesman said that civilian casualties were an inevitable consequence of war.
Ex.8: This decision could have serious consequences for the industry.
Ex.9: Two hundred people lost their jobs as a direct consequence of the merger.
Ex.10: He drove too fast, with tragic consequences.
[count, usually pl] a result of st that has happened, esp an unpleasant result n.
consequence n. /ˈkɑːnsɪkwens/
Ex.: Remember that actions have consequences.
Ex.2: to suffer/face the consequences of something
Ex.3: dire/disastrous/negative/adverse consequences
Ex.4: Have you considered the possible consequences?
Ex.5: Reform often produces unintended consequences.
Ex.6: They must be prepared to accept the consequences of their actions.
Ex.7: A White House spokesman said that civilian casualties were an inevitable consequence of war.
Ex.8: This decision could have serious consequences for the industry.
Ex.9: Two hundred people lost their jobs as a direct consequence of the merger.
Ex.10: He drove too fast, with tragic consequences.
concern yourself with/about st ph.
to take an interest in st ph.
Ex.: He didn’t concern himself with the details.
to take an interest in st ph.
concern yourself with/about st ph.
Ex.: He didn’t concern himself with the details.
chronological pron.
/ˌkrɑːnəˈlɑːdʒɪkl/
aim v.
[int, trans] to try or plan to achieve st v.
Ex.: He has always aimed high (= tried to achieve a lot).
Ex.2: We should aim for a bigger share of the market.
Ex.3: The team is aiming for the top this season.
Ex.4: Don’t try to aim for perfection.
Ex.5: The government is aiming at a 50% reduction in unemployment.
Ex.6: They are aiming to reduce unemployment by 50%.
Ex.7: The project aims to provide employment for people with learning difficulties.
Ex.8: We aim to be there around six.
Ex.9: The training programme aims at raising employees’ awareness about human rights
[int, trans] to try or plan to achieve st v.
aim v.
Ex.: He has always aimed high (= tried to achieve a lot).
Ex.2: We should aim for a bigger share of the market.
Ex.3: The team is aiming for the top this season.
Ex.4: Don’t try to aim for perfection.
Ex.5: The government is aiming at a 50% reduction in unemployment.
Ex.6: They are aiming to reduce unemployment by 50%.
Ex.7: The project aims to provide employment for people with learning difficulties.
Ex.8: We aim to be there around six.
Ex.9: The training programme aims at raising employees’ awareness about human rights
(formal) indigenous pron.
/ɪnˈdɪdʒənəs/
Weave v.
[trans] to put facts, events, details, etc. together to make a story or a closely connected whole v.
Ex.: to weave a narrative
Ex.2: The biography weaves together the various strands of Einstein’s life.
[trans] to put facts, events, details, etc. together to make a story or a closely connected whole v.
Weave v.
Ex.: to weave a narrative
Ex.2: The biography weaves together the various strands of Einstein’s life.
mythological pron.
/ˌmɪθəˈlɑːdʒɪkl/
happening n. /ˈhæpənɪŋ/
[usually pl] an event; st that happens, often st unusual n.
Ex.: There have been strange happenings here lately.
Ex.2: The momentous happenings of the past few weeks had left her feeling exhausted.
[usually pl] an event; st that happens, often st unusual n.
happening n. /ˈhæpənɪŋ/
Ex.: There have been strange happenings here lately.
Ex.2: The momentous happenings of the past few weeks had left her feeling exhausted.
pass down v.
[often passive]to give or teach st to your children or people younger than you, who will then give or teach it to those who live after them, and so on v.
Ex.: A familytrade,passeddown fromgenerationtogeneration.
[often passive]to give or teach st to your children or people younger than you, who will then give or teach it to those who live after them, and so on v.
pass down v.
Ex.: A familytrade,passeddown fromgenerationtogeneration.
Body n.
[count] a large amount or collection of st n.
Ex.: a vast body of evidence/information/research
Ex.2: large bodies of water (= lakes or seas)
Ex.3: There is a powerful body of opinion against the ruling.
[count] a large amount or collection of st n.
Body n.
Ex.: a vast body of evidence/information/research
Ex.2: large bodies of water (= lakes or seas)
Ex.3: There is a powerful body of opinion against the ruling.
ritual pron.
/ˈrɪtʃuəl/
puzzle n.
a game, etc. that you have to think about carefully in order to answer it or do it / quebra-cabeça, enigma n.
Ex.: a crossword puzzle
Ex.2: a book of puzzles for children
a game, etc. that you have to think about carefully in order to answer it or do it / quebra-cabeça, enigma n.
puzzle n.
Ex.: a crossword puzzle
Ex.2: a book of puzzles for children
make up v.
to form st, to put st together from several different things; constitute v.
Ex.: Women make up 56 per cent of the student numbers.
Ex.2: The course is made up of 12 two-hour sessions.
to form st, to put st together from several different things; constitute v.
make up v.
Ex.: Women make up 56 per cent of the student numbers.
Ex.2: The course is made up of 12 two-hour sessions.
fragment pron.
/ˈfræɡmənt/
Hint n.
[usually pl] a small piece of practical information or advice; tip / dica, indício, sugestão n.
Ex.: handy hints on saving money
Ex.2: The teacher’s book gives useful hints on how to develop reading skills.
[usually pl] a small piece of practical information or advice; tip / dica, indício, sugestão n.
Hint n.
Ex.: handy hints on saving money
Ex.2: The teacher’s book gives useful hints on how to develop reading skills.
crop n.
the amount of grain, fruit, etc. that is grown in one season; harvest n.
Ex.: a fall in this year’s coffee crop
Ex.2: Australia’s wheat crop is likely to be lower than forecast this year.
Ex.3: We are looking forward to a bumper crop (= a very large one).
Ex.4: We had a very good crop of apples last year.
the amount of grain, fruit, etc. that is grown in one season; harvest n.
crop n.
Ex.: a fall in this year’s coffee crop
Ex.2: Australia’s wheat crop is likely to be lower than forecast this year.
Ex.3: We are looking forward to a bumper crop (= a very large one).
Ex.4: We had a very good crop of apples last year.
pollen pron.
/ˈpɑːlən/
charter n. /ˈtʃɑːrtər/
[count] an official document stating that a government or political leader allows a new organization, town or university to be established and gives it particular rights / escritura n.
Ex.: The Royal College received its charter as a university in 1967.
Ex.2: Certain towns were allowed to hold weekly markets, by royal charter.
[count] an official document stating that a government or political leader allows a new organization, town or university to be established and gives it particular rights / escritura n.
charter n. /ˈtʃɑːrtər/
Ex.: The Royal College received its charter as a university in 1967.
Ex.2: Certain towns were allowed to hold weekly markets, by royal charter.
testimony n. /ˈtestɪməʊni/
[count, unc] a formal written or spoken statement saying what you know to be true, usually in court n.
Ex.: a sworn testimony
Ex.2: Her claim was supported by the testimony of several witnesses.
Ex.3: Can I refuse to give testimony?
primary pron.
/ˈpraɪmeri/
secondary pron.
(Br.) /ˈsekəndri/
(Am.) /ˈsekənderi/
renaissance pron.
(Br.) /rɪˈneɪsns/
(Am.) /ˈrenəsɑːns/
era pron.
/ˈɪrə/
archaeology n. /ˌɑːrkiˈɑːlədʒi/
(Am. also archeology)
[unc] the study of cultures of the past, and of periods of history by examining the parts of buildings and objects found in the ground n.
[unc] the study of cultures of the past, and of periods of history by examining the parts of buildings and objects found in the ground n.
archaeology n. /ˌɑːrkiˈɑːlədʒi/
(Am. also archeology)
(esp. Am.) artifact n.
(also Br., Am. English) artefact n.
/ˈɑːrtɪfækt/
(specialist) an object that is made by a person, esp st of historical or cultural interest n.
(specialist) an object that is made by a person, esp st of historical or cultural interest n.
(esp. Am.) artifact n.
(also Br., Am. English) artefact n.
/ˈɑːrtɪfækt/
bureaucrat n. /ˈbjʊrəkræt/
(often disapproving) an official working in an organization or a government department, esp. one who follows the rules of the department too strictly n.
Ex.: He was just another faceless bureaucrat.
Ex.2: battles between political appointees and career bureaucrats
Ex.3: We got caught up in the endless red tape of local bureaucrats.
(often disapproving) an official working in an organization or a government department, esp. one who follows the rules of the department too strictly n.
bureaucrat n. /ˈbjʊrəkræt/
Ex.: He was just another faceless bureaucrat.
Ex.2: battles between political appointees and career bureaucrats
Ex.3: We got caught up in the endless red tape of local bureaucrats.
moreover ad. /mɔːrˈəʊvər/
(formal) used to introduce some new information that adds to or supports what you have said previously; in addition (to sb/st) ad.
Ex.: A talented artist, he was, moreover, a writer of some note.
(formal) used to introduce some new information that adds to or supports what you have said previously; in addition (to sb/st) ad.
moreover ad. /mɔːrˈəʊvər/
Ex.: A talented artist, he was, moreover, a writer of some note.
disputen. /dɪˈspjuːt/,/ˈdɪspjuːt/
[count, unc] an argument between two people, groups or countries; discussion about a subject on which people disagree n.
Ex.: industrial/pay disputes
Ex.2: a dispute between the two countries about the border
Ex.3: the latest dispute over fishing rights
Ex.4:The union is in dispute with management over working hours.
Ex.5: The cause of the accident was still in dispute(= being argued about).
Ex.6: These are not the issues under dispute.
Ex.7:The matter was settled beyond dispute by the court judgment(= it could no longer be argued about).
Ex.8:His theories are open to dispute(= can be disagreed with).
[count, unc] an argument between two people, groups or countries; discussion about a subject on which people disagree n.
disputen. /dɪˈspjuːt/,/ˈdɪspjuːt/
Ex.: industrial/pay disputes
Ex.2: a dispute between the two countries about the border
Ex.3: the latest dispute over fishing rights
Ex.4:The union is in dispute with management over working hours.
Ex.5: The cause of the accident was still in dispute(= being argued about).
Ex.6: These are not the issues under dispute.
Ex.7:The matter was settled beyond dispute by the court judgment(= it could no longer be argued about).
Ex.8:His theories are open to dispute(= can be disagreed with).
throughout p. /θruːˈaʊt/
in or into every part of st p.
Ex.: They export their products to markets throughout the world.
Ex.2: The house was painted white throughout.
in or into every part of st p.
throughout p. /θruːˈaʊt/
Ex.: They export their products to markets throughout the world.
Ex.2: The house was painted white throughout.
evidence pron.
/ˈevɪdəns/
chronicler n. /ˈkrɑːnɪklər/
(formal) a person who records events in the order in which they happened, in a chronicle n.
Ex.: The majority of contemporary chroniclers believed Henry VI had been murdered.
Crusade n. /kruːˈseɪd/
any of the wars fought in Palestine by European Christian countries against the Muslims in the Middle Ages n.
any of the wars fought in Palestine by European Christian countries against the Muslims in the Middle Ages n.
Crusade n. /kruːˈseɪd/
scholar n. /ˈskɑːlər/
a person who knows a lot about a particular subject because they have studied it in detail / estudioso, acadêmico, intelectual n.
Ex.: a classical scholar
Ex.2: He was the most distinguished scholar in his field.
a person who knows a lot about a particular subject because they have studied it in detail / estudioso, acadêmico, intelectual n.
scholar n. /ˈskɑːlər/
Ex.: a classical scholar
Ex.2: He was the most distinguished scholar in his field.
prone a. /prəʊn/
likely to suffer from st or to do st bad / propenso, suscetível a.
Ex.: prone to injury
Ex.2: Working without a break makes you more prone to error.
Ex.3: Tired drivers were found to be particularly prone to ignore warning signs.
Ex.4: people who are genetically prone to putting on weight
likely to suffer from st or to do st bad / propenso, suscetível a.
prone a. /prəʊn/
Ex.: prone to injury
Ex.2: Working without a break makes you more prone to error.
Ex.3: Tired drivers were found to be particularly prone to ignore warning signs.
Ex.4: people who are genetically prone to putting on weight
at its simplest i.
used fordescribing st in its most simple or basic form i.
Ex.: The human body, at its simplest, is composed of cells and tissue.
used fordescribing st in its most simple or basic form i.
at its simplest i.
Ex.: The human body, at its simplest, is composed of cells and tissue.
digestible a. /daɪˈdʒestəbl/, /dɪˈdʒestəbl/
(of information) easy to understand a.
Ex.: Present your results in digestible chunks.
(of information) easy to understand a.
digestible a. /daɪˈdʒestəbl/, /dɪˈdʒestəbl/
Ex.: Present your results in digestible chunks.
remnant n. /ˈremnənt/
[usually pl] a part of st that is left after the other parts have been used, removed, destroyed, etc.; remains / vestígio, resquício n.
Ex.: The woods are remnants of a huge forest which once covered the whole area.
Ex.2: Many of the traditions are remnants of a time when most people worked on the land.
[usually pl] a part of st that is left after the other parts have been used, removed, destroyed, etc.; remains / vestígio, resquício n.
remnant n. /ˈremnənt/
Ex.: The woods are remnants of a huge forest which once covered the whole area.
Ex.2: Many of the traditions are remnants of a time when most people worked on the land.
monumental pron.
/ˌmɑːnjuˈmentl/
civilization pron.
(Br.) /ˌsɪvəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/
(Am.) /ˌsɪvələˈzeɪʃn/
host n.
[cout] a large number of people or things n.
Ex.: a host of possibilities
Ex.2: Lavender oil can relieve a whole host of ailments.
[cout] a large number of people or things n.
host n.
Ex.: a host of possibilities
Ex.2: Lavender oil can relieve a whole host of ailments.
prehistory pron.
/ˌpriːˈhɪstri/
decipher v. /dɪˈsaɪfər/
to convert st written in code into normal language v.
Ex.: They were able to decipher the French military codes.
Ex.2: She quickly deciphered the whole message.
to convert st written in code into normal language v.
decipher v. /dɪˈsaɪfər/
Ex.: They were able to decipher the French military codes.
Ex.2: She quickly deciphered the whole message.
