What factors strengthened apartheid or "separate development" in the years 1960-68? Flashcards
What year was Verwoerd murdered, who succeeded him?
1966, B.J Vorster
ECONOMIC RECOVERY
How much Economic growth did SA experience per year in the 1960s?
What was SA still very dependent on for exportation in the 1960s, what could the low levels of productivity and acute skill shortages be partly accredited to?
ECONOMIC RECOVERY
5% (not as good as other middle-income countries of the time)
Mining and agriculture, the government’s failure to invest in education for a large percentage of the population (blacks).
Between what years did employment in manufacturing roughly double?
At the start of this period how many Africans were employed in white-collar work, what did this increase to?
How many more people became employed in gold mining, of these people in the 1960s what percentage were migrant workers?
1951 and 1975 (855,000-1.6 mil)
75,000-420,000
100,000, 80%
In which two industries were many jobs reserved for whites only, what are two examples of jobs that African people could not be trained in?
What could Africans not do at work?
Mining, Skilled artisanal work
Plumbers, electricians, welders
Be in control of whites
Between the years 1946 and 1965, how much did state-built housing increase by in Johannesburg?
What act of what year allowed municipalities to use African workers on African houses?
Why was the act created?
Where else were African builders beginning to be employed?
10,000-62,000
The Native Building Workers Act (1951)
To enable basic townships to be built more quickly and cheaply
The rural areas, denser settlements and betterment villages
Why did apartheid bureaucracies open up new opportunities for black South Africans?
In what two ways did manufacturers and marketers improve African living?
Whites would move out of government jobs in townships, they were able to do more private sector work.
They began to identify and African market from which products were heavily advertised, these companies needed African sales personnel.
During the 1960s what percentage did income, per capita, increase by for black South Africans?
During the 1960s the African population increased from ___ to ___
During the 1960s the total population increased from ___ to ___
Over the decade, what percentage did industrial workers see their wages rise by?
What do these figures show?
23% 11 million - 15 million 16 million - 22 million 50% A large increase in economic opportunity fo African people
In what year did prosecutions for pass offences nearly double that of the year 1960? How many prosecutions was this?
What, however, undermined Afrikaner strategy and led to a massive increase of Africans in cities?
During the 1960s the number of Africans living in cities increased from ___ to ___
What did Tomlinson say would be the only way to reduce the rate of Urbanisation?
1968, 700,000
Economic forces
1.5 million - over 6 million
A massive programme of investment and development in the homelands, which Verwoerd refused to do.
The 1960s saw an overall increase of about _____ white immigrants
Why did the nationalists feel less uneasy about white immigrants in the 1960s?
What three things did European immigrants “bring” to SA?
What was the peak percentage of white South Africans, what year? What year did it reach 17%?
What were European immigrants immediately classified as?
250,000
English-speakers voted in some numbers for the National Party
Skills, Capital and numbers (white birth rates falling)
22%, 1921, 1968
White
What percentage did white income increase by?
How many times larger, on average, was their income than blacks?
How many cars did SA produce in 1960 as opposed to 1970?
Among whites, what did SA car ownership rank (against the rest of the world)?
What was the ratio of cars to white people?
What was the ratio of cars to African people?
50% 12 times 95,000/195,000 4th 1 car for every 3 people 1 car per 100 people
How did social life change for Africans in some townships during the 60s?
What were stokvels?
Became less politicised, more focus on getting ahead
Savings clubs, allowed those with low incomes to buy bigger consumer items or deal with emergencies
Until what year were Africans not allowed to buy manufactured liquor?
How many customers and sellers were prosecuted under liquor laws in 1961?
Why did many African Women dislike beer halls?
What did they do to get around the regulations?
1962
300,000
Because they held the monopoly over sales
Used stokvels and community gatherings to sell homemade beer
Which two groups of people were in favour of deracialising liquor sales?
Which three groups opposed it?
Liquor industry, African consumers
Conservative white politicians (feared it would fuel crime and racial violence), The Afrikaner Dutch Reformed church, the African Christian temperance movements
Who was Leo Kuper, when did he publish his study?
What did he find out whilst interviewing Zulu-speakers in Durban?
What was the government response to his book?
Sociologist, 1965
They were part of a rapidly growing African middle class which cut across apartheid ideas that Africans belonged in rural areas. Showed cultural adaptation
It was banned in SA
How did social change in the 1950s and 1960s benefit African Women?
State three ways less educated African women could make a living in the cities?
What two jobs were opening up to educated women?
At the end of the 1960s, out of the _____ girls that took the highest school-leaving exam only ____ passed
They could leave patriarchal rural society by migrating to town
Domestic servants for whites, factory work, selling beer, running small businesses, doing washing
Nursing, teaching
3,000/342
