Did the ANC and PAC radicalise after 1960? Flashcards
What month and year did the ANC and PAC get banned?
What month was the State of emergency lifted?
April 1960
August
MOVES TO ARMED STRUGGLE
Why did the treason trial mean that it was difficult for the ANC to turn to violence?
What month and year was the ANC’s acquittal?
MOVES TO ARMED STRUGGLE
ANC lawyers had said that the organisation was not violent
March 1961
What was the All-in African conference?
What did the ANC do in May 1961?
The discussion that all South Africans should be able to participate in constitutional decisions
Decided on a three-day stayaway to coincide with SA becoming a republic
What opposition group was the first to adopt armed struggle?
How did this link to the ANC?
What month and year did the ANC decide on armed struggle?
What leader and group were still against violence?
What are two reasons people were uncertain about the move to armed struggle?
The South African Communist Party
Members such as Sisulu and Mandela were in or close to the CP
June 1961
Luthuli, the South African Indian Congress
Concern that the movement was not ready for it, uncertain about wider support, fear of harsher state reaction
What was the name of the “military wing” not formally linked with the ANC or CP, who led it?
Give two reasons why it was separate from the ANC
Give two ways that the CP proved important for the armed struggle
What year did five African men go to China, why?
uMkhonto weSizwe (MK)- Spear of the nation
Mandela- ANC and Slovo- CP
To protect the ANC from further repression, because it was not fully united behind the decision
The Soviet Union made the largest financial contribution, other communist countries helped with training and education
1961, for training in guerrilla tactics
What was decided about the type of violence that would be used?
What date was the first act of sabotage planned for, why was this date significant?
Who won the Nobel peace prize in December 1961?
Targets would include strategic sites rather than places risking the loss of life.
16th December 1961, Digaan’s day (the white commemoration of the Battle of Blood River)
Luthuli
THE PAC AND POQO
What did the underground PAC focus on in the African townships?
What happened to the leaders of the PAC?
THE PAC AND POQO
Political education with an emphasis on the violence of colonial conquest
Robert Sobokwe kept in prison, Leballo and Kgosana escaped into exile and attempted to establish a new headquarters in Lesotho
What year was Poqo formed and what was it?
Where does the name Poqo originate from?
Who started and mostly controlled the Poqo movement?
1961, a movement prepared to go beyond non-violent protest
African praise poetry “a regiment of Africa-alone”
African migrant workers in Cape Town
What was a key difference between MK and Poqo?
When was the Paarl March and what was the death toll?
When was the Mbashe bridge killings, who died?
Poqo justified violence against whites
1962, 2 whites and five protestors dead
1963, white family staying in a caravan
How was Poqo violence addressed by the government?
How many Poqo members were hung in the 1960s as opposed to ANC/MK members?
well-publicised as examples of African savagery
62 vs 7
What are three reasons that neither the ANC or PAC had the capacity for armed struggled?
How long did Mandela travel abroad for and what year was he arrested?
Where was the MK headquarters and what year was it raided, what happened to the leaders?
They had no physical base, little physical training, they had very little international support, the repressive power of the state
6 months, 1962
A farm in Rivonia, 1963, most of the key leaders arrested and tried
THE RIVONIA TRIAL AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR NELSON MANDELA
Between what years did the Rivonia trials take place?
Name two things that they were accused of
What did Mandela not deny?
THE RIVONIA TRIAL AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR NELSON MANDELA
1963-1964
Recruiting fighters, attempting to commit sabotage, having links with communist organisations and soliciting money from foreign states
That he had supported armed struggle
Who defended the accused?
What did the prosecutor call for?
What sentence did the judge give?
Where did the black ANC leaders go and who did the join?
An able group of white lawyers sympathetic to the cause
The death penalty
Life imprisonment
Robben Island, Sobukwe
THE IMPACT OF EXILE AND IMPRISONMENT ON THE ANC AND PAC
What year did Oliver Tambo go into exile, why?
What did he focus on whilst addressing the UN?
How did the UN respond?
Where did he secure significant funding from?
Which other country gave vital non-military funding?
THE IMPACT OF EXILE AND IMPRISONMENT ON THE ANC AND PAC
1960, “external mission” to gather international support
The plight of political prisoners
With a resolution calling for their release
The Soviet Union
Sweden
Who could be considered the most important group in Britain working for the AAM?
Who was president of the AAM from 1981-1994, what had he seen?
Who was the Bishop of Johannesburg from 1949-1961, what did he write about, what did he believe?
What year did the AAM start a boycott movement against SA products?
Christians in the Anglican Church who had worked in SA
Trevor Huddleston, The destruction of Sophiatown
Ambrose Reeves, Sharpeville, apartheid was in conflict with Christian teaching “unity that is ours in Christ”
1959
