What Do You Know About Exercise Science Flashcards
What is Physical Activity?
Any bodily movement requiring energy expenditure
What is Exercise?
Voluntary PA for the sake of health and fitness
What is Oranga?
Promote wellbeing for individuals, communities, environments
When did exercise science originate and why?
In middle 19th Century - improve the health of the working class through dance and sports
What is kinesiology?
The study of human body movement
What are some representative organisations?
- ACSM: American College of Sports Medicine
- BASES: British Association of Sport and Exercise Science
- ESSA: Exercise and Sport Science Australia
- SESNZ: Sport and Exercise Science New Zealand
What are the 8 subdisciplines of exercise science and their applications?
- Exercise Physiology: Exercise, health and performance
- Clinical Exercise Physiology: Prevention and rehabilitation
- Biomechanics: Clinical and sport performance
- Nutrition: Exercise and health sports performance
- Psychology: Exercise, health and performance
- Athletic Training and Sport’s Medicine: Prevention and rehabilitation
- Motor control and learning: Clinical and sports performance
- Sports Technology: performance analysis
What are the PA guidelines set by WHO?
150mins of moderate exercise and 2 strengthening days throughout the week
How many adults aren’t meeting the WHOs recommendations?
1 in 4 adults
How many adolescents aren’t meeting the WHOs recommendations?
3 in 4 adolescents
What is thought to be the biggest risk to public health in the 21st century?
Physical Inactivity
What are 6 benefits of PA?
- Has significant health benefits for hearts, bodies and minds
- Contributes to preventing and managing NCD’s such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer and diabetes
- Reduces symptoms of depression and anxiety
- Enhances thinking, learning and judgement skills
- Ensures healthy growth and development in young people
- Improves overall well-being
Human well-being is fostered through connection to what environments?
- Natural
- Physical
- Cultural
- Digital
What number risk factor for NCDs is Physical Inactivity
4 biggest risk factor for NCDs
What is the estimated health care cost of physical inactivity in NZ?
A least $200million in 2013
In 2010, how many deaths globally did physical inactivity account for?
3 million deaths
What are solutions to physical inactivity?
- Need to be happy, healthier and reduce NCDs
- Need more guidelines on what to do
How much does Sport and Active Recreation contribute to our annual GDP?
$4.9billion or 2.3% to our annual GDP
How many people does the Sport and Active Recreation sector employ?
More than 53,000 New Zealanders
Benefits and Unintended Consequences of Sport?
Benefits:
- Sport can be a positive and powerful factor on our well-being
Unintended Consequences:
- Too much exercise can lead to fatigue and injuries
- Pressure to perform at high level can mean you aren’t functioning well in other aspects of life
- Not all kids enjoy the competitive aspect of sport
What are the benefits of game-based activity?
- Learning within games develops identity, belonging and community
- Solve movement problems not finding fixed ways of moving
- Promotes student-centred learning
- Games can also develop social, cultural and ethical competency
What are some things to be weary about with sports organisations at schools?
- Perceived as experts, its free
- Be aware they aren’t necessarily educators and aren’t aware of the curriculum
- They might not be the best ways of learning for your students
- Not every program that comes to schools is unproblematic
What are some misconceptions about PE in school?
- PE is expendable
- It’s just about sports
- It’s just daily fitness
- These days, teachers don’t have the expertise to take PE lessons
What are the differences in PA and PE?
Physical Activity:
- Can be out of school time
- Involves learning experiences that aren’t specifically based on health and PE in the NZ curriculum
- Can be planned or spontaneous
Physical Education:
- It’s implemented in school curriculum time
- Uses planned learning experiences based on health and PE in the NZ curriculum
- Is planned so that student’s develop specific knowledge, skills and attitudes
What are the aims of health and PE?
- Holistic definiton of health - hauora
- Foster capacity to critically engage with knowledge about HPE
- Not to fix up young people’s health problems
- “Doing the basics better” mentality
- Varied resources and physical environments
- Very little development for teachers in the area of HPE
- Some schools don’t have the facilities (eg. no field)
What is the Mātauranga Māori Approach?
The respectful inclusion of mātauranga māori is a deliberate feature of the understand-how-do structure that helps students understand a dynamic and evolving knowledge system unique to NZ
What is ‘the getting into it early’ idea?
- Children aren’t generally motivated by thoughts of their ‘healthy’ future selves
- Can place an overly heavy burden of responsibility for achieving health onto the individual - has moral overtones
- Young people consider other factors more important to health than if you’ve gone for a run that day ie. knowing you have clothes, food, somewhere to sleep etc.
Is fitness testing in school a good idea?
- Fitness training can be part of curriculum
- ‘Fitness’ might be desirable but there are aspects of fitness culture that aren’t
- Fitness tests don’t usually motivate students to adopt a healthy lifestyle
- Impacts of regularly achieving a low score?
What are the 5 components of a school’s physical activity culture?
- The school ethos and organisations
- Curriculum programmes
- Co-curricular PA opportunities
- The school and community environment
- School and community partnerships
What is Whanaungatanga?
- Connections between people
- Whānau, by blood and friendship
- Sense of belonging
- Cultural and personal identities embraced
What is Manaakitanga?
- Hospitality
- Kindness
- Generosity
- Ethic of core
- Ākonga supporting one another
What is Rongatiratanga?
- Student Autonomy
- Self-determination
- Agency
- Leadership
- Peer and Self Assessment
What is Kotahitanga?
- Unity
- Togetherness
- Collective Action
- Waiata
- Karakia
- Developing a group narrative
- Citizenship Education
What is fitness?
Attributes that enable completion of desired activity/task. It’s the ability to meet the demands of the environment.
How can you achieve fitness?
- Genetics
- Physical Activity
- Including Exercise
Why isn’t fitness simple?
- you can gain fitness without any PA
- you can gain as much fitness by PA as by exercise
- regular exercise does not guaruntee increased fitness
What are Physical and Physiological Components of Fitness?
- Strength
- Speed (power)
- Stamina (endurance)
- Suppleness (flexibility)
What are skill ‘fitness’ (neuromuscular) components of fitness?
- balance
- agility
- coordination
- reaction time
What are relevant psych factor components of fitness?
- motivation
- perseverance
What are the 3 related principles of fitness?
- Initial Values: people with lower fitness to start with will show greater gains
- Diminishing Returns: reach a ceiling though genetics and training age
- Individual Differences: Everyone’s different for many reasons
What is the overload principle?
Overload through:
- frequency
- duration
- intensity (has the biggest effect)
2-3 wk for most fitness components
3-5 wk for aerobic fitness
What is the progression principle?
- Need to progress overload
- More important for athletes
- Reach plateau before progress
What is the reversibility principle?
- occurs faster for aerobic fitness than strength or power
- if time limited, you can have volume if keep intensity
What is the principle of periodisation?
For Health:
- Type of activity; all forms of fitness valuable for health, enjoyment and injury prevention
For Performance:
- To target different fitness components; for endurance athletes and field sport athletes
What are microcycles?
The shortest training cycle, typically lasting a week, with the goal of facilitating a focused block of training.
What are mesocycles?
Individual training blocks that last for a few weeks or months and typically focus on developing a specific thing, such as strength, power, or muscle mass.
What are macrocycles?
A season of training in its entirety. It is an annual plan that works towards peaking for the goal competition of the year.
What is the principle of specificity?
The concept whereby fitness gains are relatively specific to the training.
Fitness tests must be:
- valid
- reliable
- sensitive
What are humans like compared to the rest of the animal kingdom?
- Humans are unimpressive for strength, speed and power
- Humans are unmatched for complex skill and endurance capacity in heat due to our sweat glands
When were females excluded from the marathon?
Excluded until 1972 and reflects exercise science knowledge in general
Relationship between physical inactivity and the SDGs?
Increased levels of physical inactivity has many negative impacts - environment, economical, community well-being, quality of life.
How is physical activity usually measured?
- Commonly measured in terms of: frequency, intensity and duration
- Usually measured via self-reported questionnaire
Due to socio-cultural factors, which groups tend to be the least active?
- Females
- Older adults
- People with disabilities/diseases
Weekly participation % for young people and adults?
- Young people = 92%
- Adults = 73%
Average number of hours being active for young people and adults?
- Young people = 10.6
- Adults = 4.6
Average number of sports and activities a week for young people and adults?
- Young people = 4.7
- Adults = 1.8
What percent of young people and adults are meeting guidelines (young people: at least 7+ h/wk; adults: at least 2.5h/wk
- Young people = 53%
- Adults = 58%
What are measurement issues with physical activity?
- Validity: does the tool measure what it’s supposed to?
- Reliability: Would the same result be provided over time?
- Sensitivity: To what extent can the tool identify small changes?
- Feasibility: Can the tool be used effectively in large groups of people?
What does MET stand for?
Metabolic Equivalent of Task
1 MET = energy expended by an individual while seated at rest
What are positives of the PA guidelines?
- Clear, simple targets
- Evidence-backed (to reduce risk of NCDs)
- Age appropriate
- Multi-level strategies across globe
What are negatives of the PA guidelines?
- Difficult to attain, largely ineffective thus far
- States what to do, not how to do it
- Lifestyle changes not sustained
- Simplistic (range of socio-cultural and economic factors)
