What are the priority issues for improving Australia's health? Flashcards
1
Q
What does ATSI stand for ?
A
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
2
Q
What are the leading causes of death for ATSI ?
5
A
- circulatory disease
- cancer
- diabetes
- respiratory diseases
- injures
3
Q
Why do indigenous Australians experience lower health status ?
A
live in rural and remote areas
lower levels of education, employment and income
higher levels of diseases
4
Q
what are 3 trends associated with ATSI ?
A
- decline in death rates for ATSI peoples
- increasing mental health and suicide rates
- increasing rates of mortality, morbidity and infant mortality.
5
Q
What are the sociocultural determinants that ATSI are affected by ?
A
- family
- culture
- media
- peers
6
Q
What are the socioeconomic determinants that ATSI are affected by ?
A
- income
- employment
- education
7
Q
What are the environmental determinants that ATSI are affected by ?
A
- access to health services
- geographic location
- access to technology
8
Q
What is the role of governments in addressing the health inequalities experienced by ATSI?
(hint: name an inititive)
A
Close the Gap
9
Q
What is the role of communities in addressing the health inequalities experienced by ATSI ?
A
Improve health care by reducing the likelihood of a disease or introducing vaccinations.
10
Q
What are examples of community groups ?
A
- Australian Indigenous Doctors Association
- National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation
- Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services
- Aboriginal Medical Services
11
Q
What is the role of individuals (both ATSI and non ATSI) in addressing the health inequalities experienced by ATSI ?
A
- make healthy decisions such as not drinking alcohol
- role model positive behaviour
- volunteer
12
Q
What ages are classified as elderly ?
A
65 and over
13
Q
What chronic diseases are elderly most affected by ?
7
A
- cardiovascular disease
- diabetes
- cancer
- asthma
- osteoporosis
- arthritis
- hypertension
14
Q
What sociocultural determinants affect elderly the most?
A
culture
family
15
Q
What socioeconomic determinants affect elderly the most?
A
income
employment
16
Q
What environmental determinants affect elderly the most?
A
access to health services
17
Q
How does culture affect ATSI ?
hint: in a negative way
A
smoking tobacco, drinking alcohol and bad diet can have a negative affect over many years.
18
Q
How does family affect ATSI?
hint: in a positive way
A
constant family support can offer higher levels of wellbeing
19
Q
How does income affect ATSI ?
hint: in a negative way
A
Doctors and medication is expensive
20
Q
How does employment affect ATSI ?
A
Are retired, therefore rely on superannuation from earlier work
21
Q
How does access to health services affect ATSI ?
hint: in a negative way
A
loss of mobility and inability to travel, reduces social interaction, freedom and wellbeing and access to hospitals when in need of care.
22
Q
What are the roles of individuals in addressing the health inequalities experienced by ATSI ?
A
- volunteer at homes
- good diet
- socially active
- physical activity
- keep brain active (card games)
23
Q
What is the role of communities in addressing the health inequalities experienced by ATSI ?
A
- healthcare services
- community buses
- respite care (relief from face to face for carer)
- meals on wheals
24
Q
What is the role of government in addressing the health inequalities experienced by ATSI ?
A
- medicare
- aged pension
- aged care
- housing services
25
What is cardiovascular disease and what does it result from ?
Are diseases of the heart and blood vessels that restrict oxygen flow.
Results from blockages to the arteries from fatty material.
26
What are the 3 types of cardiovascular disease ?
- coronary heart disease (heart attack)
- cerebrovascular disease (stroke)
- peripheral arterial disease
27
What is coronary heart disease ?
blockages in the blood vessels of the heart
28
What is cerebrovascular disease ?
blockage in the blood vessels of the brain
29
What is peripheral arterial disease ?
blockage in the blood vessels supplying the arms and legs
30
What is the number 1 single cause of death in Australia ?
coronary heart disease
31
What is the number 1 grouped cause of death in Australia?
cancer
32
Is morbidity increasing or decreasing for males and females for cardiovascular disease?
decreasing
33
Is mortality increasing or decreasing for males and females for cardiovascular disease?
increasing
34
What are the risk factors for cardiovascular disease
- family history
- stress
- gender (males)
- advancing age
- smoking and alcohol
- lack of physical activity
- poor diet
35
What are the protective factors for cardiovascular disease
- regular physical activity
- eating a diet low in fat
- low consumption of alcohol
- education
- getting check ups
- supportive family
36
How does family affect the chances of getting cardiovascular disease ?
if a family was to have meals high in salt and fat, it can negatively influence the children.
37
How does education affect the chances of getting cardiovascular disease ?
an individual who has a good education about health then they will be more likely to prioritise their health.
38
How does geographical location affect the chances of getting cardiovascular disease ?
if an individual does not live in a city then they will not have access to health services, such as a GP and hospitals, therefore not getting regular check ups.
39
What are the groups at risk for cardiovascular disease ?
- elderly
- ATSI
- people in remote areas
- people with disabilities
40
Why are people with disabilities more at risk of getting cardiovascular disease?
- do not complete physical activity
41
define cancer
where abnormal cells divide without control and can invade nearby tissues.
42
define metastasis
means that cancer spreads to a different body part from where it started.
43
When does skin cancer develop ?
Skin cancer develops when DNA becomes damaged by the sun's ultraviolet radiation and the body cannot repair the damage.
44
Is mortality increasing or decreasing for skin cancer?
decreasing
45
Is morbidity increasing or decreasing for skin cancer?
increasing
46
Risk factors of skin cancer
- exposed to ultraviolet radiation
- Not getting check ups
- Have episodes of severe sunburn
- Have a light complexion (fair hair, blue eyes, freckles)
47
Protective factors for skin cancer
- Seek shade
- Get checks ups
- Wear protective clothing
- Not being in the sun from 10-4
48
Groups at risk of skin cancer
- Elderly (exposure earlier in life)
- Caucasian people
- People with pale or freckled skin
- People who spend time in the sun for long periods
49
How does culture affect the chances of getting skin cancer ?
the Northern Beaches culture is based around the beaches which encourages people to be outdoors.
50
How does employment affect the chances of getting skin cancer ?
working outdoors as a trade can increase the chances of getting skin cancer as they are spending long hours under UV rays.
51
How does access to health services affect the chances of getting skin cancer ?
people may not live close to a skin check up service, therefore are unaware if they have skin cancer or not.
52
Why does breast cancer occur?
It occurs when abnormal cells in the breast grow in an uncontrollable way.
53
Is mortality increasing or decreasing for breast cancer?
decreasing
54
Is morbidity increasing or decreasing for breast cancer?
increasing
55
list 2 trends of breast cancer
- leading cause of cancer related death for women in Australia.
- 1 in 8 women will get breast cancer before the age of 85
56
Risk factors for breast cancer
```
Being obese
High fat diet
Family history
No education
Not having children
Not getting check ups
```
57
Protective factors for breast cancer
```
Maintaining a healthy diet
Regular breast self - examination
Mammographic screening every 2 years
Low fat diet
Education
Exercise
```
58
Groups at risk of breast cancer
- Women who have never given birth
- Obese women
- Women aged 50 and over
- Have a direct relative with breast cancer
- Start menstruating at a young age
- Women who have late menopause
59
How does family affect the chances of getting breast cancer?
breast cancer is seen to be genetic, so if it runs within the family line, an individual will be at great risk of contracting it.
60
How does income affect the chances of getting breast cancer ?
before the age of 40, women need to pay for a mammogram. Low socioeconomic status people may not have the income to afford this.
61
How does geographical location affect the chances of getting breast cancer ?
people in rural and remote locations have lower access to mammogram facilities, decreasing their likelihood of getting a yearly check up.
62
what is lung cancer?
Lung cancer is the uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells in the lungs.
63
why does lung cancer form?
Lung cancer forms as a result of permanent changes to cells lining the bronchial airways.
64
what are the symptoms of lung cancer?
- coughing
- blood stained phlegm
- breathlessness
- chest pain
65
is morbidity in lung cancer for males increasing or decreasing?
decreasing
66
is morbidity in lung cancer for females increasing or decreasing?
increasing
67
is mortality in lung cancer for both males and females increasing or decreasing?
decreasing
68
What are the risk factors of lung cancer?
```
Air pollution
Smoking
Hanging around people who smoke
Exposure to chemicals
Vaping
Lack of education
```
69
What are the protective factors of lung cancer?
```
Not smoking
Not hanging around people who smoke
Wear protective clothing
Education
Living in less polluted areas
```
70
How does peers affect the chances of getting lung cancer ?
if an individual surrounded themselves with supportive peers, they would be more likely to avoid smoking.
71
How does employment affect the chances of getting lung cancer ?
a tradie is more likely to get lung cancer as they are provided with smoke breaks quite a few times a day.
72
How does geographical location affect the chances of getting lung cancer ?
an individual who lives in urban areas (e.g. Sydney) they will have a higher chance of getting lung cancer due to high air pollution levels.
73
Groups at risk of lung cancer
- ATSI
| - Elderly
74
Why is ATSI at risk of getting lung cancer?
- culture
| - limited education
75
Why are the elderly more at risk of getting lung cancer?
- more likely to have smoked when younger
76
What is diabetes?
is a disease that relates to the body's ability to control blood sugar levels using insulin.
77
is mortality for diabetes increasing or decreasing?
decreasing
78
is morbidity for diabetes increasing/stable/decreasing?
stable
79
what are the risk factors of diabetes
- Imbalanced diet
- Obesity
- Family history
- Physical inactivity
80
What are the protective factors of diabetes
- Good management of blood sugar levels
- Physically active
- Balanced and healthy diet
- Managing blood pressure
- Not smoking
81
How does family affect the chances of getting diabetes?
If a family was to have meals high in salt and fat, this can negatively influence the children, therefore having higher chances of attaining diabetes.
82
How does education affect the chances of getting diabetes?
if an individual does not have an education about the risk and protective factors of diabetes.
83
How does geographical location affect the chances of getting diabetes?
if an individual lives in a rural or remote area there is less variety of healthy and nutritious foods.
84
What groups are at risk of getting diabetes?
- ATSI
- people in rural and remote areas
- elderly
- low socioeconomic status people
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