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Health Priorities in Australia > What are the priority issues for improving Australia's health? > Flashcards

What are the priority issues for improving Australia's health? Flashcards

1
Q

What does ATSI stand for ?

A

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples

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2
Q

What are the leading causes of death for ATSI ?

5

A
  • circulatory disease
  • cancer
  • diabetes
  • respiratory diseases
  • injures
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3
Q

Why do indigenous Australians experience lower health status ?

A

live in rural and remote areas

lower levels of education, employment and income

higher levels of diseases

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4
Q

what are 3 trends associated with ATSI ?

A
  • decline in death rates for ATSI peoples
  • increasing mental health and suicide rates
  • increasing rates of mortality, morbidity and infant mortality.
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5
Q

What are the sociocultural determinants that ATSI are affected by ?

A
  • family
  • culture
  • media
  • peers
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6
Q

What are the socioeconomic determinants that ATSI are affected by ?

A
  • income
  • employment
  • education
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7
Q

What are the environmental determinants that ATSI are affected by ?

A
  • access to health services
  • geographic location
  • access to technology
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8
Q

What is the role of governments in addressing the health inequalities experienced by ATSI?

(hint: name an inititive)

A

Close the Gap

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9
Q

What is the role of communities in addressing the health inequalities experienced by ATSI ?

A

Improve health care by reducing the likelihood of a disease or introducing vaccinations.

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10
Q

What are examples of community groups ?

A
  • Australian Indigenous Doctors Association
  • National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation
  • Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services
  • Aboriginal Medical Services
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11
Q

What is the role of individuals (both ATSI and non ATSI) in addressing the health inequalities experienced by ATSI ?

A
  • make healthy decisions such as not drinking alcohol
  • role model positive behaviour
  • volunteer
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12
Q

What ages are classified as elderly ?

A

65 and over

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13
Q

What chronic diseases are elderly most affected by ?

7

A
  • cardiovascular disease
  • diabetes
  • cancer
  • asthma
  • osteoporosis
  • arthritis
  • hypertension
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14
Q

What sociocultural determinants affect elderly the most?

A

culture

family

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15
Q

What socioeconomic determinants affect elderly the most?

A

income

employment

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16
Q

What environmental determinants affect elderly the most?

A

access to health services

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17
Q

How does culture affect ATSI ?

hint: in a negative way

A

smoking tobacco, drinking alcohol and bad diet can have a negative affect over many years.

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18
Q

How does family affect ATSI?

hint: in a positive way

A

constant family support can offer higher levels of wellbeing

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19
Q

How does income affect ATSI ?

hint: in a negative way

A

Doctors and medication is expensive

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20
Q

How does employment affect ATSI ?

A

Are retired, therefore rely on superannuation from earlier work

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21
Q

How does access to health services affect ATSI ?

hint: in a negative way

A

loss of mobility and inability to travel, reduces social interaction, freedom and wellbeing and access to hospitals when in need of care.

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22
Q

What are the roles of individuals in addressing the health inequalities experienced by ATSI ?

A
  • volunteer at homes
  • good diet
  • socially active
  • physical activity
  • keep brain active (card games)
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23
Q

What is the role of communities in addressing the health inequalities experienced by ATSI ?

A
  • healthcare services
  • community buses
  • respite care (relief from face to face for carer)
  • meals on wheals
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24
Q

What is the role of government in addressing the health inequalities experienced by ATSI ?

A
  • medicare
  • aged pension
  • aged care
  • housing services
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25
Q

What is cardiovascular disease and what does it result from ?

A

Are diseases of the heart and blood vessels that restrict oxygen flow.

Results from blockages to the arteries from fatty material.

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26
Q

What are the 3 types of cardiovascular disease ?

A
  • coronary heart disease (heart attack)
  • cerebrovascular disease (stroke)
  • peripheral arterial disease
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27
Q

What is coronary heart disease ?

A

blockages in the blood vessels of the heart

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28
Q

What is cerebrovascular disease ?

A

blockage in the blood vessels of the brain

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29
Q

What is peripheral arterial disease ?

A

blockage in the blood vessels supplying the arms and legs

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30
Q

What is the number 1 single cause of death in Australia ?

A

coronary heart disease

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31
Q

What is the number 1 grouped cause of death in Australia?

A

cancer

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32
Q

Is morbidity increasing or decreasing for males and females for cardiovascular disease?

A

decreasing

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33
Q

Is mortality increasing or decreasing for males and females for cardiovascular disease?

A

increasing

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34
Q

What are the risk factors for cardiovascular disease

A
  • family history
  • stress
  • gender (males)
  • advancing age
  • smoking and alcohol
  • lack of physical activity
  • poor diet
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35
Q

What are the protective factors for cardiovascular disease

A
  • regular physical activity
  • eating a diet low in fat
  • low consumption of alcohol
  • education
  • getting check ups
  • supportive family
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36
Q

How does family affect the chances of getting cardiovascular disease ?

A

if a family was to have meals high in salt and fat, it can negatively influence the children.

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37
Q

How does education affect the chances of getting cardiovascular disease ?

A

an individual who has a good education about health then they will be more likely to prioritise their health.

38
Q

How does geographical location affect the chances of getting cardiovascular disease ?

A

if an individual does not live in a city then they will not have access to health services, such as a GP and hospitals, therefore not getting regular check ups.

39
Q

What are the groups at risk for cardiovascular disease ?

A
  • elderly
  • ATSI
  • people in remote areas
  • people with disabilities
40
Q

Why are people with disabilities more at risk of getting cardiovascular disease?

A
  • do not complete physical activity
41
Q

define cancer

A

where abnormal cells divide without control and can invade nearby tissues.

42
Q

define metastasis

A

means that cancer spreads to a different body part from where it started.

43
Q

When does skin cancer develop ?

A

Skin cancer develops when DNA becomes damaged by the sun’s ultraviolet radiation and the body cannot repair the damage.

44
Q

Is mortality increasing or decreasing for skin cancer?

A

decreasing

45
Q

Is morbidity increasing or decreasing for skin cancer?

A

increasing

46
Q

Risk factors of skin cancer

A
  • exposed to ultraviolet radiation
  • Not getting check ups
  • Have episodes of severe sunburn
  • Have a light complexion (fair hair, blue eyes, freckles)
47
Q

Protective factors for skin cancer

A
  • Seek shade
  • Get checks ups
  • Wear protective clothing
  • Not being in the sun from 10-4
48
Q

Groups at risk of skin cancer

A
  • Elderly (exposure earlier in life)
  • Caucasian people
  • People with pale or freckled skin
  • People who spend time in the sun for long periods
49
Q

How does culture affect the chances of getting skin cancer ?

A

the Northern Beaches culture is based around the beaches which encourages people to be outdoors.

50
Q

How does employment affect the chances of getting skin cancer ?

A

working outdoors as a trade can increase the chances of getting skin cancer as they are spending long hours under UV rays.

51
Q

How does access to health services affect the chances of getting skin cancer ?

A

people may not live close to a skin check up service, therefore are unaware if they have skin cancer or not.

52
Q

Why does breast cancer occur?

A

It occurs when abnormal cells in the breast grow in an uncontrollable way.

53
Q

Is mortality increasing or decreasing for breast cancer?

A

decreasing

54
Q

Is morbidity increasing or decreasing for breast cancer?

A

increasing

55
Q

list 2 trends of breast cancer

A
  • leading cause of cancer related death for women in Australia.
  • 1 in 8 women will get breast cancer before the age of 85
56
Q

Risk factors for breast cancer

A 
Being obese 
High fat diet 
Family history 
No education
Not having children
Not getting check ups
57
Q

Protective factors for breast cancer

A 
Maintaining a healthy diet
Regular breast self - examination
Mammographic screening every 2 years 
Low fat diet
Education 
Exercise
58
Q

Groups at risk of breast cancer

A
  • Women who have never given birth
  • Obese women
  • Women aged 50 and over
  • Have a direct relative with breast cancer
  • Start menstruating at a young age
  • Women who have late menopause
59
Q

How does family affect the chances of getting breast cancer?

A

breast cancer is seen to be genetic, so if it runs within the family line, an individual will be at great risk of contracting it.

60
Q

How does income affect the chances of getting breast cancer ?

A

before the age of 40, women need to pay for a mammogram. Low socioeconomic status people may not have the income to afford this.

61
Q

How does geographical location affect the chances of getting breast cancer ?

A

people in rural and remote locations have lower access to mammogram facilities, decreasing their likelihood of getting a yearly check up.

62
Q

what is lung cancer?

A

Lung cancer is the uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells in the lungs.

63
Q

why does lung cancer form?

A

Lung cancer forms as a result of permanent changes to cells lining the bronchial airways.

64
Q

what are the symptoms of lung cancer?

A
  • coughing
  • blood stained phlegm
  • breathlessness
  • chest pain
65
Q

is morbidity in lung cancer for males increasing or decreasing?

A

decreasing

66
Q

is morbidity in lung cancer for females increasing or decreasing?

A

increasing

67
Q

is mortality in lung cancer for both males and females increasing or decreasing?

A

decreasing

68
Q

What are the risk factors of lung cancer?

A 
Air pollution 
Smoking 
Hanging around people who smoke 
Exposure to chemicals
Vaping 
Lack of education
69
Q

What are the protective factors of lung cancer?

A 
Not smoking 
Not hanging around people who smoke
Wear protective clothing 
Education 
Living in less polluted areas
70
Q

How does peers affect the chances of getting lung cancer ?

A

if an individual surrounded themselves with supportive peers, they would be more likely to avoid smoking.

71
Q

How does employment affect the chances of getting lung cancer ?

A

a tradie is more likely to get lung cancer as they are provided with smoke breaks quite a few times a day.

72
Q

How does geographical location affect the chances of getting lung cancer ?

A

an individual who lives in urban areas (e.g. Sydney) they will have a higher chance of getting lung cancer due to high air pollution levels.

73
Q

Groups at risk of lung cancer

A
  • ATSI

- Elderly

74
Q

Why is ATSI at risk of getting lung cancer?

A
  • culture

- limited education

75
Q

Why are the elderly more at risk of getting lung cancer?

A
  • more likely to have smoked when younger
76
Q

What is diabetes?

A

is a disease that relates to the body’s ability to control blood sugar levels using insulin.

77
Q

is mortality for diabetes increasing or decreasing?

A

decreasing

78
Q

is morbidity for diabetes increasing/stable/decreasing?

A

stable

79
Q

what are the risk factors of diabetes

A
  • Imbalanced diet
  • Obesity
  • Family history
  • Physical inactivity
80
Q

What are the protective factors of diabetes

A
  • Good management of blood sugar levels
  • Physically active
  • Balanced and healthy diet
  • Managing blood pressure
  • Not smoking
81
Q

How does family affect the chances of getting diabetes?

A

If a family was to have meals high in salt and fat, this can negatively influence the children, therefore having higher chances of attaining diabetes.

82
Q

How does education affect the chances of getting diabetes?

A

if an individual does not have an education about the risk and protective factors of diabetes.

83
Q

How does geographical location affect the chances of getting diabetes?

A

if an individual lives in a rural or remote area there is less variety of healthy and nutritious foods.

84
Q

What groups are at risk of getting diabetes?

A
  • ATSI
  • people in rural and remote areas
  • elderly
  • low socioeconomic status people
85
Q
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86
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87
Q
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Q
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91
Q
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92
Q
A

Health Priorities in Australia (2 decks)

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