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Health Priorities in Australia > How are Priority Issues for Australia's Health Identified? > Flashcards

How are Priority Issues for Australia's Health Identified? Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of epidemiology ?

A

Epidemiology is the study of distribution and control of diseases in a population, by collecting data and information.

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2
Q

What is epidemiology used for ?

A
  • Identify patterns of health and disease
  • Analyse how health services are used
  • Obtain the health status of a population
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3
Q

Who uses Epidemiology ?

A
  • Department of Health
  • Workplace Safety Australia
  • Australian Bureau of Statistics
  • National Heart Foundation
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4
Q

What are the 4 ways they measure patterns of disease ?

hint: P, I, D, C

A

Prevalence - the number of cases of disease in a population at a specific time.

Incidence - the number of new cases in a population at a specific time.

Distribution - how much the disease affects the population.

Causes - factors that may have contributed to the development of the disease.

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5
Q

Limitations of Epidemiology

A
  • Does not explain why health inequalities exist
  • The variations among groups (indigenous and non-indigenous)
  • The impact of the illness
  • Ignores social determinants of health (socioeconomic, sociocultural and environmental)
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6
Q

Define mortality

A

The number of deaths in a group of people or from a disease over a specific time period, usually one year.

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7
Q

Define infant mortality

A

The rate is the number of infant deaths in the first year of life per 1000 live births.

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8
Q

Define Morbidity

A

Morbidity (sickness) refers to patterns of illness, disease and injury that do not result in death.

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9
Q

Define Life expectancy

A

Life expectancy is the length of time a person can expect to live.

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10
Q

What are the five leading causes of death in Australia ?

A
  • Heart Disease
  • Alzheimers/ Dementia
  • Cardiovascular disease (stroke)
  • Lung Cancer
  • Respiratory diseases
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11
Q

3 leading causes of death for males

A
  • heart disease
  • dementia
  • lung cancer
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12
Q

3 leading causes of death for females

A
  • dementia
  • heart disease
  • cerebrovascular
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13
Q

Why has infant mortality declined ?

A
  • Improved medical diagnosis and treatment of illness
  • Improved public sanitations
  • Health education
  • Improved support services for parents and babies
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14
Q

What are the measures of epidemiology

A
  • mortality
  • infant mortality
  • morbidity
  • life expectancy
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15
Q

What percentage of Australians have at least 1 chronic health condition

A

47%

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16
Q

Why has there been an improvement in life expectancy

A
  • Lower infant mortality
  • Declining death rates from CVD
  • Declining death rates from cancer
  • Medical knowledge and management have improved
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17
Q

How do we identify priority health issues?

A
  • Costs to the individual and Community
  • Potential for Prevention and Early Intervention
  • Prevalence of Condition
  • Priority Population Groups
  • Social Justice Principles
18
Q

Why do we need to prioritise our health issues?

A
  • to better use the limited funding available
  • to make the most difference -what will have the greatest effect
  • to target groups that need it most
  • to enable all Australians to achieve good health
19
Q

How does costs to the individual and community help prioritise health issues?

A

The higher the cost to the individual the more of a priority because of the impact the disease has on the person.

20
Q

What are direct costs?

A

Are those that can be measured. They include money spent on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of those experiencing ill-health.

21
Q

What can be used to estimate the direct costs of diseases in a population?

A
  • information on length of stay in hospital
  • prevention strategies
  • cost of medical treatment
22
Q

What are indirect costs?

A

Are difficult to measure accurately, such as an individual’s reduced quality of life associated with ill-health.

23
Q

What are some indirect costs that an individual experiences from having a serious health condition?

A
  • social isolation
  • depression
  • reduced self esteem
24
Q

How does potential for prevention and early intervention help prioritise health issues?

A

Enable diseases to be identified before they become an increasing burden on a population.

25
Q

Ways to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease?

A
  • eat a healthy diet
  • control blood pressure by exercising
  • don’t smoke
  • limit alcohol
26
Q

Ways to reduce the risk of skin cancer?

A
  • apply sunscreen when outside
  • regularly get skin checks
  • wear protective clothing
27
Q

What is an example of early intervention and what is it’s aim?

A

Cervical Cancer

Targeted 20–69-year-olds to raise awareness of cervical cancer and increase the number of women having regular pap smears.

28
Q

How does prevalence of condition help prioritise health issues?

A

Prevalence refers to the current number of cases of an illness to determine the urgency of each condition.

29
Q

What are two most common causes of death in Australia?

A
  • cancer

- cardiovascular disease

30
Q

How does Priority Population Groups help prioritise health issues?

A

helps determine the groups in need as those with a higher priority, the more money the government will give to assist.

31
Q

Identifying the sub-groups that are experiencing an unnecessarily high incidence of ill-health enables governments to:

A
  • determine the health disadvantages of groups
  • gain a better understanding of the social determinants of health
  • identify the prevalence of disease in specific groups
  • determine the need of the groups
32
Q

What are two sub-groups within the Australian population experiencing higher rates of ill-health for specific health problems

A
  • Indigenous Australians

- Remote and Rural communities

33
Q

Why are Indigenous Australians and people living in remote and rural communities a priority?

A
  • lower life expectancy
  • lower access to health facilities
  • higher mortality rates
34
Q

What is an initiative that increases the health outcomes for people living in rural and remote areas?

A

‘The Royal Flying Doctors Service’

35
Q

What is the ‘The Royal Flying Doctors Service’ ?

A

Aims to increase access to services, facilities and health education.

36
Q

How does ‘The Royal Flying Doctors Service’ aim to increase these things?

A
  • remote community health clinics
  • culturally diverse health services
  • programs to encourage professionals to work in remote areas
37
Q

How does Priority Population Groups help prioritise health issues?

A

determine the impact these principles have on reducing health inequities and improving health.

38
Q

What is social justice?

A

Social Justice refers to a value system that promotes fairness and equity.

39
Q

What are the three principles of social justice?

A
  • equity
  • diversity
  • supportive environments
40
Q

What is equity?

A

balanced distribution of resources and entitlements to all groups without discrimination.

41
Q

What is diversity?

A

empowerment of individuals and communities to be involved in planning and decision making in the interest of improving their health.

42
Q

What are supportive environments?

A

provision of conditions, facilities and social aspects that make good health achievable, such as home, work and local community environments.

Health Priorities in Australia (2 decks)

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