What are the consequences of globalisation for global development and the physical environment and how should different players respond to its challenges?

Question 1

how globalisation has revolutionised the world

Answer 1

• creating an explosion for global trade
• encouraging countries to trade together in blocs (eU)
• but its led to inequalities

Question 2

inequalities of globalisation

Answer 2

• GDP of most asian countries has accelerated quickly, with china experiencing an economic revolution. Economic growth has outpaced population growth, so chinas GDP per capita increased by 14 times between 1990-2015.
• new global elite of super rich has emerged, with chinas richest 1% owning 1/3 of chinas property
• has increased the development gap

Question 3

human development index

Answer 3

• devised by the UN to provide a measure of life expectancy, education and GDP for every country. This showed how people were benefiting growth
• four indicators;
  1) life expectancy
  2) education - literacy rate and av number of years in education
  3) GDP per capita

Question 4

women and development

Answer 4

• gender inequality index
• indicators:
  1) reproductive health- as gender inequalities decline, fertility rates and maternal mortality rates fall, and the age of first child mums increase
  2) empowerment- if women enter politics
  3) education and employment- staying on at skl and uni

Question 5

environmental quality indices

Answer 5

link between economic development and environmental quality is well established, air quality deteriorates as economic development increases.
causes are all linked to energy production, industrial processes and road transport.
key pollutants= nitrogen oxide, particulates

Question 6

chinas economic and environmental inequalities

Answer 6

• most of its economic growth is based on industries exporting low-value products.
• chinese people have been used to provide a cheap labour pool, even though wages are rising- many Chinese workers aren’t better off than they were before industrialisation
• an east-west divide now exists in china, as incomes decline the further inland (w) you go.
• all of the major cities and industrial zones are located on the coast

Question 7

RISING TENSIONS

Answer 7

London is a melting pot- with residents from every country, speaking almost every language. This growing diversity has been helped by processes linked to globalisation.

Question 8

Londons melting pot- bc of

Answer 8

• open borders= EU citizens are free to move around the EU as a right. For example in 2015 there were about 250000 French people living in London
• the freedom to invest in business or transfer capital= any bank in the uk can trade shares without having to use the London stock exchange
• FDI= 2015- uk attracted 32000 jobs from overseas owned companies investing in software and financial services. LDN attracted 35% of companies who moved their HQ to the UK.

all of these have led to a cultural mix. has helped to create diverse groups within the uk

Question 9

not everyone is happy with globalisation, freedom can impact badly on others

Answer 9

• immigration

- trans border water conflicts

Question 10

trans border water conflict,

not everyone is happy with globalisation, freedom can impact badly on others

Answer 10

• mekong- se Asias major river, flowing for 4200km.
  a number of dams have been built on the river or its tributaries which has causes controversy.
  -1995 treaty- Mekong river agreement, required governments of Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam to all agree on any proposals before they went ahead- aimed to share water within the Mekong

Question 11

attempts to control globalisation.

Answer 11

why neoliberalism may not work;
-censorship= china is a single party communist state. Globalisation presents a challenge for leadership as the free flow of info and ideas is perceived as a threat.
The Chinese gov enforces censorship of internet content as well as all published material, in order t retain control. There are 2 types of censorship;
1- state controlled- print publishing or broadcasting via tv is run by official state media
2- state monitored- overseas contacts or media and monitored/ censored. including tv, radio, film, txt message etc

• limiting immigration= example the USa 2016 elected president Donald trump is building a high wall along the Us Mexico border to control the flow of immigrants
• trade protection= the free market can be challenged for national governments. in 2016 cheap Chinese steel was being dumped onto global markets at prices heavily subsidised by Chinese gov in order to protect their manufacturers. The consequences were huge in the Uk and companies put all of their steel plants up for sale unless a deal could be sorted. a solution would have to raise tariffs on important steel but its forbidden by WTO rules

Question 12

maintaining cultural identity

Answer 12

the indigenous land in Canada is being taken over by TNCs for fracking, mining, pipelines .

Question 13

sustaining globalisation

Answer 13

many HIC get used to having whatever they want e.g.. fresh strawberries in Northern Europe in December. Global supply chains fulfil demands and seasonal produce is no longer a concern.
The ups supply chain for example extends across geographical boundaries so now Kenya grow cash crops.

Question 14

ecological footprints

Answer 14

To supply resources for the ups current level of consumption would take 3.1 earths. People think the world as a whole needs 2 planets

Question 15

sustainable living

Answer 15

responding locally- transition towns
>founded in 2006 the non governmental organisation ‘transition network’ encourages towns to grow their own food in community gardens and reduce energy used in transport by not importing it. Some towns like Totnes , Exeter and stroud even have their own local trade.

These initiatives are small scale, but some elements like ‘grow your own’ could have a huge impact if widely adopted.

Question 16

sustainable living- fair trade

Answer 16

rather than free trade- pays farmers for cocoa, cotton, tea and coffee in developing countries a guaranteed price for their produce plus a fair trade premium payment to reduce inequalities.
aim is to make incomes sustainable for farming families and use some of the extra money to get wells, schools and clinics.
downside is that extra income is v small and the fair trade products are expensive.

Question 17

sustainable living- ethnical shopping

Answer 17

founded in 1993 in Germany , the NGO FCS uses its FSC logo on wood products that are sourced from sustainable forests, thus helping consumers ensure products agents degrading the environment.
Its criteria include that forestry must respect the land rights of indigenous people and workers are well paid.

Question 18

recycling

Answer 18

local councils in the uk play a key role in reducing the waste and ecological footprint through recycling and councils waste collection services.
recycling increased from 17% to 44% between 2003-2013 but this way a huge way behind Germany for 65%.

recycling does reduce waste but different councils have different schemes with diff results and reducing packaging may be a better way forward