Whalen Chapter 17 Flashcards
Have a higher incidence of hypertension than do both non-Hispanic whites and Hispanic white
Non-Hispanic Blacks
Defined as either a systolic BP greater than 140 mmHg or sustained Diastolic BP greater than 90 mmHg
Hypertension
Top 2 cause of death in the world
Heart disease
Stroke
Regulated within a narrow range to provide
adequate perfusion of the tissues without causing damage to the vascular system, particularly the arterial intima (endothelium).
Arterial Blood Pressure
Act by changing the activity of the sympathetic nervous
system and is responsible for the rapid, moment-to-
moment regulation of blood pressure.
Baroreflexes
Provides long-term control of blood pressure by altering
the blood volume
Kidney
Potent circulating vasoconstrictor, constricting both arterioles and veins, resulting in an increase in blood pressure.
Angiotensin ll
The goal of this therapy is to reduce cardiovascular and
renal morbidity and mortality
Antihypertensive therapy
Stimulates aldosterone secretion leading to increased renal sodium reabsorption
Angiotensin ll
Can sometimes be controlled by Monotherapy
Mild hypertension
Patients with Diabetes
140/80 mm Hg
Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and Proteinuria
130/80 mm Hg
Elderly patients
< 150/90 mm Hg
Used as an initial drug therapy for HTN
Thiazide diuretics
Effective in preventing Stroke, Myocardial infarction, and Heart failure
Low-Dose Diuretic Therapy
Useful in combination therapy (Beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, PSB with exception of Metolazone
Thiazides
Acts promptly by blocking Sodium and Chloride reabsorption in kidney
Loop diuretics
Rarely used alone to treat HTN, but is commonly used to manage symptoms of Heart failure and Edema
Loop Diuretics
Aldosterone receptor antagonist examples
Eplerenone
Spironolactone
Inhibitors of Epithelial Sodium Transport at late distal and collecting ducts
Triamterene
Amiloride
Reduces potassium loss in urine
Eplerenone
Spironolactone
Have additional benefit of diminishing cardiac remodeling
Aldosterone antagonist
Treatment option for hypertensive patients with concomitant heart disease or failure
Beta blockers
Decreases sympathetic outflow and formation of Angiotensin ll
Beta blockers
Prototype beta blocker
Propranolol
Selective blocker of B1 receptor examples that are most commonly prescribed beta blocker
Metoprolol
Atenolol
May be administered cautiously in hypertensive patients who also have asthma
Selective beta blockers
Examples of Non-Selective Beta blockers
Propranolol
Nadolol
Contraindicated in patients with asthma due to blockade of b2-mediated bronchodilation
Non-Selective Beta blockers
Orally active for the treatment of HTN
Beta blockers
Undergoes extensive and high variable first pass metabolism
Propranolol
Beta blockers available in intravenous formulations
Propranolol
Esmolol
Metoprolol