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PHARMACOLOGY 2 > CHAPTER 18 & 19 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 18 & 19 Flashcards

1
Q

Drugs that increase the volume of urine excreted.

A

Diuretics

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2
Q

Commonly used for the management of abnormal fluid retention (edema)

A

Diuretics

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3
Q

What percent of the blood plasma is filtered from the glomerular capillaries and is moved into the Bownan Capsule?

A

16-20%

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4
Q

Examples of Low Molecular Weight Plasma Components

A

Glucose
Amino Acids
Sodium Bicarbonate
Organic Solutes ( Electrolytes - Na+, K+, Cl-)

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5
Q

Regulates the Ionic composition and Volume of Urine

A

Kidney

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6
Q

Located in the Cortez of the kidney and it is where the Glucose, Amino acids, and Bicarbonate are reabsorbed.

A

Proximal Convoluted tubule

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7
Q

True or False

3 thirds of Na+ is reabsorbed in the Proximal convoluted tubule.

A

False - Two thirds

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8
Q

Follows passively from Lumen to Blood to maintain Osmolar Equality.

A

Water

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9
Q

Chloride enters the lumen in exchange of what?

A

Anion (Oxalate)

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10
Q

Site of organic acid and Base secretory system

A

Proximal Tubule

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11
Q

Modulates the reabsorption of Bicarbonate

A

Carbonic anhydrase

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12
Q

Most diuretic drugs are delivered to the tubular fluid through this system

A

Organic Acid Secretory System

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13
Q

It is Saturable and is located in the Middle Third of Proximal tubule.

A

Organic Acid Secretory System

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14
Q

Organic Acid Secretory System secretes what?

A

Uric Acid
Antibiotics
Diuretics

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15
Q

True of False

The Osmolality Increases along the Ascending portion of the Loop of Henle.

A

False - Descending

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16
Q

Major site of Salt Reabsorption and is a Diluted region of Nephron.

A

Ascending loop of Henle

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17
Q

Approximately 25-30% of the ___ returns to help maintain High Osmolarity.

A

NaCl-

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18
Q

Transported by Na+/Ca2+ exchanger

A

Calcium Reabsorption

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19
Q

Calcium excretion is regulated by what in the Distal convoluted tubule

A

Parathyroid hormone

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20
Q

Responsible for the Na+, K+, and water transport

A

Principal cell

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21
Q

Affects the H+ secretions

A

Intercalated cell

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22
Q

Increases the synthesis of Na+ channels

A

Aldosterone

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23
Q

Promotes reabsorption of water from the collecting tubule and ducts

A

ADH receptor

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24
Q

Located in the upper and lower segments and is responsible for the secretions of Creatinine and Choline

A

Organic Base secretory system

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25
Q

First orally active diuretics capable of affecting severe edema often seen in Hepatic Cirrhosis.

A

Chlorothiazide

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26
Q

More potent and required dose lower than Chlorothiazide and it’s effect is comparable to the parent drug

A

Hydrochlorothiazide

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27
Q

What are the 3 Thiazide-like diuretics?

A

Metolazone
Indapamide
Chlorthalidone

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28
Q

True or False

Thiazide-like diuretics (MIC). contains Sulfonamide residue and are not truly Thiazides.

A

True

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29
Q

Acts mainly on the Ascending loop of Henle and Distal convoluted tubule.

A

Thiazide and Thiazide-like diuretics

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30
Q

Efficacy of these agents (Thiazide and Thiazide-like diuretics) may be diminished by concomitant use of ____ which inhibits production of Renal Prostaglandins.

A

NSAIDs (Indomethacin)

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31
Q

Causes Diuresis - which causes excretion of Very Hyperosmolar (concentrated) urine

A

Thiazide and Thiazide-like diuretics

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32
Q

It increases Na+ resulting in the continual loss of K+

A

Thiazide

33
Q

Should be measured periodically to monitor Hypokalemia

A

Serum K+

34
Q

Occurs with chronic use of Thiazide diuretics particularly in Elderly patients.

A

Magnesium deficiency

35
Q

Preserves Bone Mineral Density at the Hip and Spine

A

Thiazide

36
Q

Mainstay of the Antihypertensive medication

A

Thiazides

37
Q

Diuretics of choice in reducing the Extracellular volume in Heart Failure

A

Loop Diuretics

38
Q

If Loop diuretics are given in combination, Thiazide should be administered ______ prior to Loop diuretics.

A

30 mins

39
Q

Useful in the treatment of Idiopathic Hypercalciuria, Beneficial to patients with Calcium Oxalate Stones

A

Thiazide

40
Q

Can substitute ADH in treatment of Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus and urine may drop from 11 L/d to 3L/d

A

Thiazides

41
Q

Most frequent problem of Thiazide

A

Hypokalemia

42
Q

May predispose patients taking Digoxin to Ventricular arrhythmia

A

Thiazide diuretics

43
Q

Potassium deficiency can be overcome by ___.

A

Spironolactone

44
Q

Potassium deficiency can be overcome by administering _________ or ______ which acts to retain Potassium.

A

Triamterene
Amiloride

45
Q

Blunts the potassium depletion caused by Thiazide diuretics

A

Low Fat Diet

46
Q

Developed due to elevated ADH result of Hypovolemia and increased thirst

A

Hyponatremia

47
Q

Lack thiazide structure but have unsubstituted sulfonamide group

A

Thiazide-like diuretics

48
Q

Behaves like Hydrochlorothiazide and used once daily to treat hypotension.

A

Chlorthalidone

49
Q

More potent than thiazides and causes Na+ excretion even in advanced renal failure

A

Metolazone

50
Q

Lipid soluble non-thiazide and is less likely to accommodate patient with Renal failure

A

Indapamide

51
Q

Have a major diuretic action in the Ascending limb of the loop of Henle and have the highest efficacy in mobilizing Na+ and Cl-. They also produce copious amounts of urine

A

Loop diuretics

52
Q

Most commonly used Loop diuretics

A

Furosemide

53
Q

More potent than Furosemide and use of these drugs are increasing

A

Bumetanide
Torsemide

54
Q

Used infrequently due to its adverse effects profile

A

Ethacrynic acid

55
Q

DOC for reducing acute pulmonary edema or Acute/Chronic peripheral edema

A

Loop diuretics

56
Q

Duration of action is brief (2-4 hours) allow patients to predict window of diuresis

A

Loop diuretics

57
Q

Reversible or permanent hearing loss may occur when used in conjunction of what?

A

Ototoxic drugs (Aminoglycoside antibiotics)

58
Q

Most likely to cause deafness

A

Ethacrynic acid

59
Q

Loss of K+ in exchange of H+ leads to what?

A

Hypokalemic alkalosis

60
Q

Chronic use of Loop diuretics combined with low dietary intake of Mg2+ leads to what?

A

Hypomagnesemia

61
Q

Acts in collecting tubules to inhibit Na+ reabsorption and K+ excretion. Should be avoided in patients with renal dysfunction because of High risk of Hyperkalemia.

A

Potassium Sparring Diuretics

62
Q

2 Distinct MOA of PSD

A

Aldosterone antagonist
Sodium channel blocker

63
Q

Diuretics of choice for Hepatic Cirrhosis

A

Spironolactone

64
Q

Effective in situations associated with Secondary Hyperaldosteronism

A

Spironolactone

65
Q

True or False

Resistant HTN responds well in Aldosterone Antagonist

A

True

66
Q

Primary adrenal insufficiency

A

Addison Disease

67
Q

Common complication of Hepatitis Cirrhosis

A

Ascites

68
Q

Effective in Ascites

A

Spironolactone

69
Q

Used off-label for treatment of PCOS

A

Spironolactone

70
Q

Resembles sex steroids

A

Spironolactone

71
Q

S/E of triamterene

A

Potassium retention
Increase Uric acid
Renal stones

72
Q

Often used for their pharmacologic effect and is much less efficacious than thiazide or loop diuretics.

A

Acetazolamide

73
Q

Retained in the lumen with marked elevation in urinary pH.

A

Bicarbonate

74
Q

Decrease production of aqueous humor

A

Acetazolamide

75
Q

Topical Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

A

Dorzolamide
Brinzolamide

76
Q

Can be used in prophylaxis of Acute Mountain Sickness

A

acetazolamide

77
Q

Number of simple, hydrophilic chemical substance such as;

A

Mannitol
Urea

78
Q

Mainstay treatment for patients with High Intracranial pressure or Acute Renal Failure due to shock or trauma.

A

Osmotic diuretics

79
Q

True or False

Mannitol should be given through IV as it is not absorbed orally

A

True

PHARMACOLOGY 2 (2 decks)

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