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World History > WH MIDTERMS > Flashcards

WH MIDTERMS Flashcards

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1
Q

Abraham

A

Founder of Judaism who, according to the Bible, led his family from Ur to Canaan in obedience to God’s command; first monotheist

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2
Q

Jesus

A

A Jew from Galilee in northern Israel who sought to reform Jewish beliefs and practices. He was executed as a revolutionary by the Romans. He is the basis of the world’s largest religion.

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3
Q

Moses

A

Led the Exodus of the Hebrews from Egypt; received the 10 commandments

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3
Q

Muhammad

A

Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam.

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4
Q

New Testament

A

The second part of the Christian Bible, containing descriptions of the life and teachings of Jesus and of his early followers

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5
Q

Covenant

A

A binding promise between humans and God in which mutual commitments are made.

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6
Q

Mt. Sinai

A

Where Moses received the Ten Commandments from God

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7
Q

Exodus

A

book in the Torah which recounts the story of the Hebrews leaving the land of Egypt

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8
Q

Apostles

A

the 12 chosen disciples of Jesus who spread his teachings

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9
Q

Mecca

A

City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion

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10
Q

Qur’an

A

the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina

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11
Q

Salvation

A

acceptance into heaven

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12
Q

Messiah

A

Anointed one/Savior sent by God

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13
Q

Resurrection

A

Jesus’s rise from the dead

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14
Q

Arabia

A

a peninsula in the Middle East

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15
Q

Angel Gabriel

A

The angel who came to Muhammad and revealed messages from God

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16
Q

Islam

A

A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran

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17
Q

Judaism

A

the monotheistic religion of the Jews having its spiritual and ethical principles embodied chiefly in the Torah and in the Talmud

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18
Q

Shari’ah

A

a law code drawn up by Muslim scholars after Muhammad’s death; it provided believers with a set of practical laws to regulate their daily lives

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19
Q

Mosque

A

A Muslim place of worship

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20
Q

Paul of Tarsus

A

important figure in the spread of Christianity after Jesus’s death

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21
Q

Parable

A

A simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson; used by Jesus to teach his followers

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22
Q

Hajj

A

A pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims

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23
Q

Ramadan

A

(Islam) a fast (held from sunrise to sunset) that is carried out during the Islamic month of Ramadan

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24
Q

Hongwu

A

First Ming emperor in 1368; originally of peasant lineage; original name Zhu Yuanzhang; drove out Mongol influence; restored position of scholar-gentry

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25
Q

Genghis Khan

A

Also known as Temujin; he united the Mongol tribes into an unstoppable fighting force; created largest single land empire in history.

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26
Q

Mandate of Heaven

A

in Chinese history, the divine approval thought to be the basis of royal authority

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27
Q

Chinese Geography

A

Isolated by many natural barriers. Civilization began along the Yellow river aka the Huang He river because of rich soil (loess) that floods it annually. They had the Yangtze river in the south.

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28
Q

Tang Dynasty

A

dynasty often referred to as China’s Golden age that reigned during 618 - 907 AD; China expands from Vietnam to Manchuria

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29
Q

Gunpowder

A

The formula, brought to China in the 400s or 500s, was first used to make fumigators to keep away insect pests and evil spirits. In later centuries it was used to make explosives and grenades and to propel cannonballs, shot, and bullets.

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30
Q

Ming Dynasty

A

Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.

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31
Q

Song Dynasty

A

(960-1279 CE) The Chinese dynasty that placed much more emphasis on civil administration, industry, education, and arts other than military.

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32
Q

Grand Canal in China

A

The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire.

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33
Q

Yuan Dynasty

A

(1279-1368 CE) The dynasty with Mongol rule in China; centralized with bureaucracy but structure is different: Mongols on top->Persian bureaucrats->Chinese bureuacrats.

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34
Q

Dynastic Cycle in China

A

Dynasty strong then becomes corrupt (civil war, high taxes, etc) - falls apart
A New Dynasty takes over (Mandate of Heaven)

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35
Q

Mauryan Empire

A

The first Indian empire, founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 321 B.C.

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36
Q

Chandragupta Maurya

A

Founder of the Mauryan dynasty, the first empire in the Indian subcontinent who was a strict ruler with a massive army, a network of spies and was paranoid of assassination.

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37
Q

Asoka

A

Grandson of Chandragupta; most honored emperor for his commitment to spreading peace and prosperity to all; displayed his laws on stone pillars throughout his empire and built and improved roads for his people. He was Buddhist but accepted other religions; decline came after his death

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38
Q

Gupta Empire

A

Dynasty started by the Gupta family; considered the Golden Age of India, where art, literature, and trade spread greatly and many medical and mathematical advancements were made

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39
Q

Gupta Golden Age

A

Advancements in medicine (c-sections performed, plastic surgery, medicinal guides and inoculations), science (solar calendar, discovery that Earth is round), literature, art, and mathematics (concept of zero, pi, and decimal system)

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40
Q

Akbar

A

Most famous Muslim ruler of India during the Mughal Dynasty. Famous for his religious tolerance, his investment in arts and culture, for expanding the empire to 100 million people, and for his fair (graduated) tax

41
Q

Shah Jahan

A

Jahangir’s son; Mughal ruler who loved building mosques and forts, at the expense of his people starving. Heartbroken by the death of his wife, he built the Taj Mahal in her honor

42
Q

Taj Mahal

A

A tomb built by Shah Jahan for his wife; took 22 years to build and almost bankrupted the empire

43
Q

Silk Road

A

Network of trade routes, connecting China, India, and the Middle East to Rome. Traded goods and helped to spread culture.

44
Q

Aryans

A

nomads from Europe and Asia who migrated to India and finally settled

45
Q

Vedas

A

Collections of hymns, songs, prayers, and rituals honoring the various gods of the Aryans.

46
Q

Kshatriya

A

The Hindu warrior caste.

47
Q

Brahmin

A

in Aryan society, a member of the social class made up of priests

48
Q

Dalits

A

Members of India’s “lowest” caste; literally, “broken people.” Also called “Untouchables.”

49
Q

Hinduism

A

A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms

50
Q

Brahman

A

The term for The Universal Soul in Hinduism.

51
Q

Brahma

A

A Hindu god considered the creator of the world.

52
Q

Enlightenment

A

A state of perfect wisdom in which one understands basic truths about the universe and ends their suffering

53
Q

Eightfold Path

A

In Buddhism, the basic rules of behavior and belief leading to an end of suffering

54
Q

Four Noble Truths

A

as taught by the Buddha, the four basic beliefs that form the foundation of Buddhism

55
Q

Dharma (Buddhism)

A

The teachings of the Buddha, and one of the Three Jewels of Buddhism

56
Q

Nirvana (Buddhism)

A

ultimate reality/goal, the end of suffering

57
Q

Moksha (Hinduism)

A

liberation from the cycle of birth and rebirth

58
Q

Confucius

A

(551-479 BCE) A Chinese philosopher known also as Kong Fuzi and created one of the most influential philosophies in Chinese history.

59
Q

Analects

A

The book that Kong Fuzi wrote and that stresses the values and ideas of Confucianism.

60
Q

Bantu

A

The people who spread throughout Africa spreading agriculture, language, and iron.

61
Q

Aksum

A

A kingdom along the Red Sea today known as Ethiopia and Eritrea which grew wealthy from trade

62
Q

Adulis

A

strategic trading port of the kingdom of Axum

63
Q

Ghana

A

West African state that supplied the majority of the world’s gold from 500 CE-1400’s

64
Q

Malian Empire

A

(West Africa, c.1230) established by Sundiata. Gold and salt trade enriched the Mali emperors.

65
Q

Mansa Musa

A

Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East.

66
Q

Great Zimbabwe

A

City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state.

67
Q

Kilwa

A

A city-state found on east African coast(Zenj); fishing limited trade from 800-1000; turned to agriculture, increased trade in pottery and stoneware; major trading center by 14th century

68
Q

Aztec Empire

A

Central American empire constructed by the Mexica and expanded greatly during the fifteenth century during the reigns of Itzcoatl and Motecuzoma I.

68
Q

Aztec Empire

A

Central American empire constructed by the Mexica and expanded greatly during the fifteenth century during the reigns of Itzcoatl and Motecuzoma I.

69
Q

Inca Empire

A

The vast and sophisticated Peruvian empire centered at the capital city of Cuzco that was at its peak from 1438 until 1532

70
Q

Torah

A

The first five books of Jewish Scripture, which they believe are by Moses

71
Q

Old Testament

A

make up the first part of the Bible and history before the coming of Jesus Christ; acknowledge by Christians but not by Jews

72
Q

Prophet

A

A person who speaks or interprets for God to other people

73
Q

Jerusalem

A

A city in the Holy Land, regarded as sacred by Christians, Muslims, and Jews.

73
Q

Jerusalem

A

A city in the Holy Land, regarded as sacred by Christians, Muslims, and Jews.

74
Q

Ka’aba

A

A black stone building in Mecca that is shaped like a cube and that is the most sacred Muslim pilgrim shrine; Muslims believe that Abraham built the Ka’ba as a shrine to honor God

75
Q

Hijrah

A

Muhammad’s migration from Mecca to (Yathrib) Medina

76
Q

Christianity

A

A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior/messiah

77
Q

Five Pillars

A

The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims

78
Q

Shi Huangdi

A

founder of the Qin dynasty and China’s first emperor

79
Q

Kublai Khan

A

Mongolian emperor of China and grandson of Genghis Khan who completed his grandfather’s conquest of China

80
Q

Yangtze River

A

Longest major river in China

81
Q

Sui Dynasty

A

(589-618 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was like the Qin Dynasty in imposing tight political discipline; this dynasty built the Grand Canal which helped transport the rice in the south to the north.

82
Q

Tang Taizong

A

(627- 649) He reconquerored the northern and western land that China had since the decline of the Han Dynasty. He started the achievements of the Tang Dynasty.

83
Q

Subcontinent

A

A large landmass that forms a distinct part of a continent

84
Q

Monsoons

A

Seasonal winds that bring flooding or droughts to India

85
Q

Babur

A

Founded the Mughal dynasty in India; descendant of Genghis Khan; Brilliant general who expanded empire to north and central India

86
Q

Aurangzeb

A

Jahan’s son; who was a strict Muslim, who took away the rights of non-Muslims in his Empire. He spent lots of money on conquests, but the Empire reached its greatest extent, under his rule. He drained the empire of money, lost the loyalty of his subjects and the Mughal Empire collapsed after his death.

87
Q

Reincarnation

A

In Hinduism and Buddhism, the process by which a soul is reborn continuously until it achieves perfect understanding

88
Q

Dharma (Hinduism)

A

In Hindu belief, a person’s religious and moral duties

89
Q

Siddhartha Gautama

A

The prince who is said to have founded Buddhism.

90
Q

Buddhism

A

Belief system that started in India in the 500s BC. Happiness can be achieved through removal of one’s desires. Believers seek enlightenment and the overcoming of suffering.

91
Q

Filial Piety

A

respect shown by children for their parents and elders

92
Q

Griot

A

a member of a class of traveling poets, musicians, and storytellers who maintain a tradition of oral history in parts of West Africa.

93
Q

Swahili city-states

A

dominated trade along the east African coast

94
Q

Yucatan Peninsula

A

An area of land in Central America where the Mayan civilization settled.

95
Q

Tenochitlan (Aztecs)

A

Capital of the Aztec Empire

96
Q

Maya

A

Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar.

97
Q

Sapa Inca

A

The emperor of the Incan Empire. People believed that he was descended from the sun god.

World History (5 decks)

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