WH FINALS Flashcards
Pax Romana
A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180.
Constantine
Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337)
Constantinople
City founded as the second capital of the Roman Empire; later became the capital of the Byzantine Empire
Justinian
Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code
Hagia Sophia
New church constructed in Constantinople during reign of Justinian
Eastern Orthodox
The Christian religion of the Byzantine Empire in the middle east that formed from Christianity’s schism between the remains of the western and eastern Roman Empire. The Christian church ruled by the Byzantine emperor and the patriarchs of various historically significant Christian centers/cities.
Justinian Code
The body of (mostly) Roman law collected by order of the Byzantine emperor, Justinian around A.D. 534.
Theodora
the wife of Justinian, she helped to improve the status of women in the Byzantine Empire and encouraged her husband to stay in Constantinople and fight the Nike Revolt.
Roman Catholic Church
the Christian church headed by the pope in Rome
Martin Luther
criticized the Church’s sale of indulgences; eventually became more critical of the Church and was excommunicated; followers became known as Lutherans
Excommunication
officially excluding someone from participation in the sacraments and services of the Church
Heresy
belief or opinion contrary to religious (especially Christian) doctrine
Charles V
devout Catholic; Holy Roman Emperor; brought Luther to Worms to stand trial; declared Luther an outlaw and a heretic
Pope Leo X
excommunicated Martin Luther from the Catholic Church
Papal Bull
type of public order issued by a pope of the Catholic Church.
Peace of Augburg
agreement, signed in 1555, that declared that religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler
Predestination
belief that God has decided all things beforehand, including which people will be eternally saved
Protestant
name for the German princes who supported Luther’s ideas; term eventually applied to Christians who belonged to non-Catholic churches
95 Theses
document created by Martin Luther which sought to reform the Catholic Church
Wittenberg
German city in which Martin Luther began writing and speaking about his ides to reform the Church
St. Peter’s Basilica
church in Rome; money from sale of indulgences went to pay for repairs to this church
Indulgence
pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin
Johann Tetzel
Christian friar who was raising money to rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica by selling indulgences
Catholic (Counter) Reformation
the attempt by the Catholic Church to retain followers
Peasant Revolt
uprising of poor people in Germany who attempted to use Martin Luther’s words for their own gain
Henry VIII
created the Act of Supremacy, establishing himself - not the pope - as the head of the church of England
Queen Elizabeth I
set up Anglican Church in England, the only legal church in England; established a state church that moderate Catholics and Protestants might both accept
Anglicanism
believe that English monarch is head of Church
Printing Press
Invented in the mid-1400s in Germany; used to disseminate (send out) Martin Luther’s ideas throughout Europe
Vatican City
location in which St. Peter’s Basilica was built
Catherine of Aragon
Aunt of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor; first wife of Henry VIII
Act of Supremacy
required that people of England take oath recognizing Henry VIII’s divorce from Catherine and accepting Henry VIII, not the pope, as the official head of England’s Church
Roman Catholicism
believe that Pope is head of Church
Geocentric Theory
earth-centered view of the universe
Scientific Revolution
a new way of thinking about the natural world; based on careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs
Heliocentric Theory
view of the universe in which the planets orbit the sun
Nicolaus Copernicus
Polish astronomer who developed the heliocentric theory
“On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies”
written by Copernicus but not published until a year prior to his death for fear of ridicule or persecution
Johannes Kepler
mathematician who continued the work of Copernicus and concluded that certain mathematical laws govern planetary motion
Galileo Galilei
built on the new theories in astronomy and continued the work of Copernicus; came into conflict with the Catholic Church and remained publicly silent about his findings; stood trial before the court and eventually signed a confession; essentially saying that his ideas were wrong and that the Church was right
Scientific Method
logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas; begins with a question or problem arising from an observation
Isaac Newton
developed the theory of universal gravitation, which essentially linked motion in the heavens with motion on earth; theory was that every object in the universe attracts every other object
Renaissance
era of rebirth; renewed focus on classical ideas and human potential
Medici
wealthy and powerful ruling family in Florence
Humanism
stress the potential value and goodness of human beings
Classicism
following of ancient Greek or Roman principles and style in art and literature
Secular
worldly
Patron
wealthy supporter to artists such as musicians, painters, and sculptors
Donatello
Italian sculptor who completed the life-sized bronze sculpture, David
Leonardo Da Vinci
quintessential ‘Renaissance Man’ who was skilled as a painter, inventor, sculptor and architect
Lorenzo de Medici
Italian statesman, de facto ruler of the Florentine Republic and the most powerful and enthusiastic patron of Renaissance culture in Italy
Raphael
famous Italian painter famous for painting the “School of Athens, one of the most famous frescoes by the Italian Renaissance
Perspective
technique in painting that refers to some objects in a painting appearing to be closer than other objects; based on optical illusion
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Vernacular
language spoken by the ordinary people in a particular region
Petrarch
Humanist poet during the Renaissance
Brunelleschi
Italian designer and a key figure in architecture who was recognized to be the first modern engineer, planner and sole construction supervisor; one of the founding fathers of the Renaissance
Machiavelli
Italian philosopher who wrote a guidebook advising political leaders to win at all costs
Gutenberg Bible
first major book printed using mass-produced type in Europe; ushered in the age of the printed book in the West
Johannes Gutenberg
German printer of the fifteenth century who invented the printing press
“The Prince”
name of the political guidebook written by Niccolo Machiavelli
Florence
Italian city in which many Renaissance-era painters and artists flourished
Merchants
Dominated politics in Italian city-states; did not inherit social rank, using wits to succeed in business; held strong belief in individual achievement
Bubonic Plague
struck Italian city-states in the 1300s, killing up to 60% of the population
Three-field system
agricultural innovation assisted the rise of towns and cities
Crusades
name of the wars that were fought over possession of Jerusalem
Francis of Assisi
monk who took a vow of poverty and left a life of luxury
Hundred Years’ War
conflict led to the rise of nationalism and the decline of feudalism
Charles Martel
expanded the Frankish empire while serving as mayor of the palace for the Merovingian dynasty
Gothic architecture
style of architecture used flying buttresses, pointed arches, and stained glass windows
Pope Urban II
promised the Crusaders a place in heaven if they died during the Crusades
Guild
name of an association of people who worked at the same occupation, often in towns or cities
Richard the Lion-Hearted
English king left his country to join the Crusades
Spanish Inquisition
event in which Ferdinand and Isabella persecuted all non-Christians in Spain
Feudalism
political system was based on loyalty, military service, and land
Magna Carta
guaranteed basic rights to the nobles and limited the power of the king
King John
Which ruler was forced to sign Magna Carta
Battle of Hastings
What was the name of the conflict in which William the Conqueror won the English throne?
Tithe
name of the church tax imposed on peasants
Marriage to Eleanor of Aquitane
Henry II of England increased his French holdings after this event
Charlemagne
first king to reunite western Europe following the fall of the western half of the Roman Empire
Joan of Arc
French peasant who was led by the voices of saints to help France in the Hundred Years War
Great Schism
event resulted from conflict between kings and popes over authority?
Battle of Tours
conflict established Charles Martel as a defender of Christianity?
Michelangelo
(1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.
Christopher Columbus
Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)
Amerigo Vespucci
A mapmaker and explorer who said that America was a new continent, so America was named after him.
Jared Diamond (Guns, Germs, & Steel)
author/book attempts answer the question of why white Europeans have dominated since the 15th century (much of this is explained by favorable agriculture, therefore genetics evolved, etc.)
Council of Trent
Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings, forbade the sale of indulgences
Jerusalem
A city in the Holy Land, regarded as sacred by Christians, Muslims, and Jews; fought over during the Crusades
Ottoman Empire
Islamic state that was based in Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922; encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.
Direct diffusion
when two cultures are geographically close to each other, resulting in intermarriage, trade, and even conflict (ex: exchange of art, music, and food - US+Mexico)
Forced diffusion
when one culture has power over another and forces its own customs on the conquered people (ex: colonizers forcing indigenous people to adopt their religion)
Indirect diffusion
when traits are passed from one culture to another culture, without the 1st and final cultures being in direct contact (ex: the presence of pizza in Indonesia, influenced by global media and the market created by tourists and transplants)
Cultural Spread/Diffusion
transferring elements of culture between societies
The Four Caliphs
the first 4 leaders of Islam that succeeded the prophet Muhammad
The caliphate
the political and religious state of Muslims and their lands in their possession in the centuries after death of Muhammad
The ruler of the caliphate
a caliph, who was the political successor of Muhammad
Muslim agricultural revolution
Muslim traders introduced a variety of crops and farming techniques to Muslim lands. Muslim engineers developed new irrigation techniques for dry areas
Ibn Rushd
was criticized for trying to blend Aristotle and Plato’s views with Islam, but argued that they both had the goal of finding the truth.
Moses Ben Maimon
was a Jewish philosopher and physician who faced opposition for his ideas. He was the greatest Jew philosopher; blending philosophy, religion, and science in his book
Idealman
East Persian derivation, Arabic faith, Iraqi education, Hebrew in astuteness, disciple of Christian conduct, as pious as Greek monk (Valued all cultures)
The House of Wisdom
opened by Caliphal-Maimun; a combination library, academy, and translation center (texts from Greece, India, Persia, and elsewhere)
Literature (islam)
themes of bravery, love, and generosity
The Qur’an was the standard of literature and poetry
Women (islam)
less than men, but had more economic and property rights than most other women (European, Chinese, and Indian) (different roles for rich/poor)
However, over time their rights decreased
al-Razi
greatest physician of Muslim world (wrote books)
Al-khwarizni
created algebra
Ibn al-Haytham
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