Wew Flashcards
it is an unpleasant, subjective sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage
Pain
It is defined by the person experiencing it, and it exists according to their own perception and description
Pain
Sensation of physical and mental hurt or suffering tht causes distress or agony to one experiencing ut
Pain
The alleviation of pain or a reduction in pain to a level of comfort that is acceptable to the client.
Pain management
Effective pain management includes
promote healing, prevent complications, reduce suffering, and prevent the development of incurable pain states
What are the theories of pain?
Pattern theory
Specificity theory
Gate control theory
Affect theory
Parallel processing model
It states that pain is perceived whenever the stimulus is intense enough
Pattern theory
A theory maintaining that the nerve impulse pattern for pain is produced by intense stimulation of nonspecific receptors
Pattern theory
It states that there are specific nerve receptors for particular stimuli.
Specificity theory
• It conceptualizes that there is a gate in the spinal cord called substantia gelatinosa cells in the dorsal horn
Gate control theory
It conceptualizes that there is a gate in the spinal cord
Substansia gelatinosa cells
When the gate is open,
Pain stimulus is transmitted
When gate is closed
Pain stimulus is blocked
The involvement of the brain helps explain why painful stimuli are interpreted differently by people
• It does help explain why electrical & mechanical interventions as well as heat & pressure can relieve pain.
Gate control theory
It avers that the pain is emotional
Affect theory
The intensity of pain perceived depends on the value of the organ affected to the individual
Affect theory
What influence affect theory
Affective
Cognitive
Sensory
it believes that the physiologic or neurologic deciphering of the pain sensation and the cognitive emotional properties occur along different nerve fibers
Parallel processing model
Center of awareness of pain
Thalamus
Center for interpretation of pain
Cerebral cortex
(Large, Myelinated)
• Conduct impulses rapidly
• Sharp, pricking pain
• Superficial, somatic pain
A delta fibers
(Small, Unmyelinated)
• Conduct impulses slowly
• Dull, aching, burning sensation
• Deep somatic and visceral pain
C fibers
Physiology of pain
- Transduction
- Transmission
- Perception
- Modulation
Pain producing stimulis
Thermal, chemical, mechanical stimuli
Transmits an electric signal through a sensory peripheral nerve fiber
Nociceptor
Determines pain intensity and location
Somatosensory cortex
Determines how person perceives it
Limbic system
released the moment pain is perceived by the brain
Neuromodulators
What are the neurotransmitters (excitatory)
- Prostaglandins
- Bradykinin
- Substance P
- Histamine
- Serotonin
Naturally occurring sources of morphine-like substances within the body
• Triggered by stress and pain
Neuromodulators (inhibitory)
Inhibitory is found in
Brain, spinal cord, GI Tract
Signs of pain
Teeth clenching
Holding the affected area
Adopting a hunched posture
Grimace
• If pain is not treated, it can profoundly alter the quality of life
• Motivate patients to accept pain relief measures for them to stay active and sustain their regular daily activities
• The level of a patient’s pain tolerance greatly affects how you perceive the extent of their discomfort
Behavioral response
Types of pain location
- Superficial or cutaneous pain
- Deep or visceral
- Referred
- Radiating
crushing or squeezing chest pain
Myocardial infarction
severe and persistent abdominal pain
Appendicitis
intense pain in the upper abdomen
Pancreatitis
Results from stimulation of internal organs
• Spreads out and radiates in multiple directions
• Lasts longer than superficial pain
• Sharp, dull, or distinct to the organ involved
Deep or visceral
chest pain or discomfort that may radiate to the left arm or jaw
Angina
Perception of pain in non-affected regions
• Pain is experienced in a body part that is separate from the actual source of pain, and it can take on various characteristics
Referred
pain radiating from the lower back to the groin area
Kidney stones
originates in the lower back or buttock and radiates down the back of the leg, often caused by compression or irritation of the sciatic nerve
Sciatica
radiate from one side of the head an may extend to the forehead, temples, or back of the head
Migraine headache
The feeling of pain spreading from the original injury site to a different area of the body
• The sensation of pain moving or coursing along a specific body part
• Intermittent or constant
Radiating
Types of pain duration
- Acute or transient pain
- Chronic or persistent non cancer pain
- Chronic episodic pain
4.
Concepts associated with pain
- Pain threshold
- Hyperalgesia
- Pain tolerance
- Pain reaction
- Pain perception
- Bradykinin
