wetlands to global climate change

Question 1

types of wetland

Answer 1

swamp
bog
fen
marsh

Question 2

swamp

Answer 2

permanent telmatic wetland

Question 3

bog

Answer 3

acidic

non permanent telmatic wetland

Question 4

fen

Answer 4

base-rich non permanent telmatic wetland

Question 5

marsh

Answer 5

seasonal telmatic wetland

ephemeral

Question 6

succession

Answer 6

gradual, directional change in the composition of vegetation
populations of different plants successively replace one another
usually accompanied by environmental change

Question 7

allogenic succession

Answer 7

succession driven by environmental change

Question 8

autogenic

Answer 8

occurs when vegetation itself induces environmental change

Question 9

primary succession

Answer 9

on surfaces that have not previously supported vegetation

Question 10

secondary succession

Answer 10

on surfaces that have previously supported soil and vegetation

Question 11

2 ways of peat accumulation

Answer 11

terrestrialisation

paludification

Question 12

terrestrialisation

Answer 12

infilling of lakes and pools

has occured very widely

Question 13

paludification

Answer 13

the process by which once ‘dry’ land gets wetter

responsible for largest wetland areas of britain

Question 14

2 types of terrestrialisation

Answer 14

rooting/normal terrestrialisation

rafting terrestrialisation

Question 15

rooting terrestrialisation

Answer 15

water gradually shallows by accumulation of mud and peat

allows progressive colonisation of species more suited to shallow water conditions

Question 16

rafting terrestrialisation

Answer 16

open water becomes overgrown directly by a buoyant mat of peat

Question 17

autochthonous

Answer 17

organic mud develops in situ

Question 18

allochthonous

Answer 18

washed in sediments

Question 19

ombrotrophic

Answer 19

bog dependent on atmospheric moisture for its nutrient

Question 20

features of waterlogged environment

Answer 20

saturated with water
oxygen dificient (hypoxic or anoxic)
redox related chemial changes
often acidic

Question 21

waterlogging problems for plants

Answer 21

oxygen deficiency for underground organs

increased availability of soluble phytotoxins in soil

Question 22

3 main adaptions to lack of oxygen in the rooting zone

Answer 22

anaerobic respiration in roots
transport of oxygen to roots
release of oxygen into rhizosphere (soil around roots)

Question 23

pneumatophores

Answer 23

upward growing roots
mangrove also has lenticels
take air directly into rooting system

Question 24

lenticel

Answer 24

one of many raised pores in the stem of a woody plant that allows gas exchange between the atmosphere and the internal tissues

Question 25

3 factors affecting plant distribution

Answer 25

climatic factors physiographic factors edaphic factors

Question 26

climatic factors

Answer 26

temp, rain, light, wind, humidity | responsible for main global and regional patterns of pant distribution

Question 27

physiographic factors

Answer 27

determined by landforms altitude aspect (direction of slope) influences irridiance received

Question 28

edaphic factors

Answer 28

``` associated with the soil they provied: rooting medium source of water source of nutrients ```

Question 29

resources

Answer 29

commodities which are consumed by plants | essential for growth

Question 30

conditions

Answer 30

environmental variables to which plants respond

Question 31

6 types of interactions between species

Answer 31

``` competition facilitation parasitism mutualism commensalism ammensalism ```

Question 32

indirect competition

Answer 32

individuals attempt to obtain the same resource | density dependent

Question 33

self-thinning

Answer 33

above a threshold of sowing density, no more individuals reach maturity

Question 34

direct competition

Answer 34

form of direct antagonism between different plant species less common than indirect competition among plants e.g. strangulation, allelopathy, parasitism

Question 35

parasitism

Answer 35

hemiparasitic - have chlorophyll but obtain some carbon and nutrients from host holoparastic - no chlorophyll, obtain all carbon from their host

Question 36

facilitation

Answer 36

opposite of competition | plants benefit from having a neighbour

Question 37

oxidised nitrogen (NOx) - fossil fuel combustion is main source

Answer 37

wet: NO3 (nitrate) dry: N2O (nitrous oxided)

Question 38

reduced nitrogen (NHy) - agriculture is main source

Answer 38

wet: NH4 (ammonium) dry: NH3 (ammonia)

Question 39

factors affecting deposition

Answer 39

distance from source - less important for NOx surface roughness - deposition velocities faster to rough surfaces rainfall - greater rainfall can increase wet deposit - seeder-feeder effect

Question 40

seeder feeder effect

Answer 40

aerosols activated into droplets at cloud base

Question 41

4 mechanisms of n deposition as an ecological threat

Answer 41

1. eutrophication 2. soil acidification 3. increases susceptibility of plants to secondary stress 4. direct toxicity to plants

Question 42

net radiative forcing

Answer 42

difference of insolation (sunlight) absorbed by the earth and the energy reflected back to earth

Question 43

main greenhouse gases

Answer 43

co2, methane, nitrous oxide

Question 44

global warming potential

Answer 44

compares integrated radiative forcing over a specific period