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APS 124 - ecosystems > intro to heathland > Flashcards

intro to heathland Flashcards

1
Q

devensian cold stage

A

115,000 ya

generally cold but has temp fluctuations

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2
Q

interstadial

A

embedded periods of temporarily warm conditions

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3
Q

stadial

A

embedded periods of cold conditions

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4
Q

chelford insterstadial

A

60,000 bp
rich vertebrate fauna
mean feb temp of -10
july mean temp 16

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5
Q

upton warren interstadial complex

A

42,000-38,000 bp
july mean of 16
species rich flora - thermophilous species, arctic alpines

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6
Q

dimlington stadial

A

maximum expansion of devensian ice

21,000 bp

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7
Q

windermere interstadial

A

rapid climatic warming after 13,000 bp
july mean temps 17-18
more continuous woodland
strong reduction in ice caps

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8
Q

loch lomond stadial

A

return to colder conditions for 1000years
july mean temps -10
ends with rapid temp rise

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9
Q

subdivision of the post glacial - periods:

A 
pre boreal
boreal
atlantic 
sub boreal 
sub atlantic
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10
Q

pre boreal

A

sub arctic, godwin zone IV

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11
Q

boreal

A

warmer and dry, godwin zone V, VI

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12
Q

atlantic

A

warm and wet - oceanic, godwin zone V11a

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13
Q

sub boreal

A

warm and dry - continental, godwin zone V11b

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14
Q

sub atlantic

A

cool and wet - oceanic, VII

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15
Q

zones I-III

A

pre windermere
windermere interstadial
loch lomond stadial

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16
Q

zone IV

A

sub arctic climate

birch dominant

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17
Q

zone V

A

hazel expansion
birch dominant in NW despite warming
in south pine dominates
pollen evidence for thermophilous trees

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18
Q

zone VI

A

pine abundant everywhere
hazel still important
appearance of thermophilous trees in some quantity

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19
Q

zones VII

A 
the forest maximum in britain
rapid increase in alder
oak relatively abundant
lime reaches peak
cooler and wetter
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20
Q

3 types of (semi) natural woodland

A

ancient
native
recent

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21
Q

native woodland

A

40% uk woodland native

mainly consists of native woodland

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22
Q

ancient woodland

A

continually wooded since 1600 AD

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23
Q

recent woodland

A

planted or established naturally

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24
Q

primary woodland

A

survived continually since ice age

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25
Q

secondary woodland

A

planted or established since last ice age

26
Q

why do communities occur

A
  • environmental factors
  • community factors
    . competitive exclusion
    . co-existence through tolerance
    . co- existence through complementation
    . dependence
27
Q

competitive exclusion

A

Gause’s law - 2 species that compete for the exact same resources cannot stably coexist

28
Q

structure

A

the spatial organisation of plant material within a community

29
Q

structure includes 3 components

A 
vertical structure (stratification) - grouped
horizontal structure (pattern) 
species abundance
30
Q

4 layers of woodland

A 
ground layer
field layer:
- tall herbs and under shrubs
- layer of low herbs
shrub layer
tree layer
31
Q

horizontal structure - 3 distribution types

A
  1. regular - overdispersed
  2. random
  3. clumped - underdispersed, most common type
32
Q

pattern shown by a species is a product of:

A

morphology and growth characteristics
seed dispersal mechanisms
environmental heterogeneity
species interactions

33
Q

species abundance

A

the amount a species contributes to the vegetation

34
Q

ways of measuring species abundance

A

density - number of individuals per unit area
frequency - chance of finding a particular species in a sample of vegetation
cover - generally expressed as a %

35
Q

2 main approaches to survival

A

shade tolerance

complementation - growing when light intensity is relatively high

36
Q

shade plants

A

large thin leaves
leaves with singles palisade layer
large surface area to weight ratio

37
Q

shade tolerance - respiration

A

shade leaves may respire more slowly
maintained at both high and light intensities
have lower compensation points than sun leaves

38
Q

phenology

A

the study of seasonal periodicity and timing of plant growth

39
Q

vernal plant species

A

grow in spring

40
Q

aestival species

A

grow in summer

41
Q

autumnal species

A

grow in autumn

42
Q

hiemal species

A

grow in winter

43
Q

brown forest soil

A

mixing of organic and mineral matter
no sharp boundaries between horizons
less acidic - 5-7 pH

44
Q

podzol soil

A

almost no mixing of mineral and organic matter by organisms
sharp boundaries between horizons
more acidic - <5.5 pH

45
Q

heliophile

A

sun loving

46
Q

pollen spectrum

A

distinctive decline in elm pollen

47
Q

landnam clearances

A

small, temporary land clearances

for pasture or first cultivated then grazed

48
Q

grassland adaptations

A

intercalary meristem
adpressed growth
low palatability
ephemeral life history

49
Q

intercalary meristem

A

meristems at internodes or stem regions between the places where leaves attach
growing point not necessarily destroyed when grazed

50
Q

adpressed growth

A

not easily grazed

leaves tightly adpressed to the ground

51
Q

ephemeral life history

A

exploit bare patches of soil

grow during periods of limited grazing

52
Q

calcifuge species

A

grow in acidic soils

53
Q

calcicole species

A

in calcareous soils - containing calcium carbonate, chalky- limestone grassland = very species rich

54
Q

rendzina soil

A

characteristic soil of limestone grasslands
immature soil
thin soil - due to purity of the bed rock
high pH

55
Q

heathland

A

typically needs low nutrient status and acidic soil

high conservation status

56
Q

upland heath

A

up to montane zone - treeline
300-400m above sea level
75% worlds total

57
Q

lowland heath

A

20% worlds total
altitudes less than 300m
58,000 ha in uk

58
Q

peatlands

A

largest carbon reserve in uk

3 billion tonnes c

59
Q

origin of heathland

A

in or after bronze age

dimbleby noted occurrence of brown earth underneath bronze age barrows yet surrounded by podzsol soil

60
Q

broxa reforestation

A

possible to grow birch trees
after 70 years small and contorted
no real commercial value

61
Q

important soil changes with planting

A

increase in earthworm numbers
reversion of podsol soil to brown earth soil
increase in pH

APS 124 - ecosystems (3 decks)

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