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Wetland Ecosystem Flashcards

1
Q

Wetlands are ecotone between ______ &______

A

Terrestrial, Aquatic

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2
Q

Definition of wetlands under Ramsar Convention and Wetlands (Conservation and Management)
Rules 2017

A

An area of marsh, fen, peat land or water; whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the depth
of which at low tide does not exceed six meters, is considered as a wetland

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3
Q

Lake Littorals are a type of wetland. (T/F)

A

True. marginal areas between the highest and lowest water level of the lakes

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4
Q

Underground Aquifers are a type of wetland (T/F)

A

True

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5
Q

Thermal stratification doesn’t take place in lakes compared to Wetlands. (T/F)

A

False. Thermal stratification takes place in lakes and not in wetlands.

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6
Q

Dominant producers of lakes and wetlands are _________ & __________ respectively

A

Phytoplankton, Macrophytes

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7
Q

Food chain pathway of lakes and wetlands are _________ & __________ respectively

A

Grazing & Detritus

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8
Q

Productivity is high wetlands compared to lakes (T/F)

A

True

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9
Q

Trophic status of lakes and wetlands are ________ & __________ respectively

A

Oligotrophic, Eutrophic

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10
Q

Definition of Lake by NLCP

A

National Lake Conservation Programme (NLCP) considers lakes as standing water bodies that have a minimum water depth of 3 m, generally cover a water spread of more than ten hectares and have no or very
little aquatic vegetation

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11
Q

What is an estuary?

A

An estuary is a partially enclosed coastal area of brackish water (salinity of 0-35 ppt) where a river or a
stream opens into the sea (mouth of the river)

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12
Q

What is a lagoon?

A

A lagoon is a stretch of saltwater separated from the sea by a low sandbank or coral reef

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13
Q

Backwaters in Kerala are examples of __________?

A

Lagoons

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14
Q

Lagoons are formed due to _______ in sea level? Give examples

A

Fall (Coastline of emergence - Kerala (Malabar) Coast, Odisha (Utkal) Coast and Tamil Nadu (Coromandel) Coast).
Eg: Chilika Lake - Odisha

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15
Q

Estuaries are formed due to _______ in sea level? Give examples

A

Rise (Coastline of Submergence - Konkan Coast)
Eg: Mandovi and Zuari estuarine systems in Goa

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16
Q

Lagoons are more saline than estuaries why?

A

Lagoons mostly do not have any fresh water source, while the estuaries have at least one

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17
Q

Estuaries are deeper than Lagoons. (T/F)

A

True

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18
Q

Estuaries (coastal wetlands) form a transition zone (ecotone) between ________ and ________ environments

A

River & maritime

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19
Q

___________ is the most productive of all wetlands

A

Estuary

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20
Q

___________ absorb, trap and detoxify pollutants, acting as a natural water filter

A

Estuary

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21
Q

Why are estuaries ideal locations for the construction of ports and harbours?

A

They are deep and well protected from marine transgressions

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22
Q

Which are estuarian phytoplankton?

A

Diatoms, Dinoflagellates, Green Algae, Blue green algae

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23
Q

Most estuaries in India are located on ________ coast

A

East

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24
Q

Examples of seaports located on estuaries?

A
  1. Marmagao Port - Zuari Estuary (Goa)
  2. Haldia Port - WB
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25
Salt-tolerant plants are called?
Halophytes
26
Adaptations in mangroves?
1. Succulent leaves 2. Sunken Stomata 3. Pneumatophores 4. Vivipary 5. Salt secreting glands 6. Prop & Stilt roots 7. Buttresses
27
Sunderbans gets its name from ________
Sundari mangroves
28
Largest single block of mangroves in the world
Sunderbans
29
____________ is the only mangrove ecosystem that supports tigers
Sunderbans
30
__________ mangroves second largest in India
Bhitarkarnika
31
Bhitarkarnika covers the delta formed by _________ & ___________
Brahmani & Baitarani
32
Kharai camels are the primary source of livelihood for the _____________ communities of the Kutch region.
Jat, Rabari and Maldhari
33
Tolerant cattle like the banni and kankrej buffalos were developed by __________ community
Maldhari
34
Country with largest mangrove cover?
Indonesia followed by Brazil
35
Why are mangroves not found beyond subtropics?
This is because the mangrove vegetation contains a complex salt filtration system that facilitates high water loss at the root level itself to cope with the brackish conditions. These adaptive mechanisms are energy-intensive and require high solar radiation.
36
What is an exception to the rule ecotones are more productive than surrounding ecosystems
Tropical rainforests & Coral reefs
37
_________ % of India's land area is under wetland
4.6
38
Most of the wetland area in India are man-made. (T/F)
True
39
What are maun, beel, chaur, jheel and pat
Local names of floodplain formations formed by Ganga & Brahmaputra
40
What are Sambhar, Pachpadra, Deedwana and Lukransar?
Saline wetlands - Lakes in Rajasthan
41
Cost sharing of NPCA scheme
70:30 (Centre : States) 90:10 - NE
42
Criteria for identifying wetlands of national importance under NPCA are the same as those prescribed under the _____________
Ramsar Convention on Wetlands
43
_______________ has been set up under the chairmanship of the Secretary, MoEFCC, to ensure proper implementation of the Wetlands (Conservation-Management) Rules
Central Wetland Regulatory Authority (CWRA)
43
Wetlands (Conservation-Management) Rules 2010 are notified under the provisions of ___________
EPA, 1972
44
The Wetlands (Conservation-Management) Rules 2010 prohibits activities, such as aquaculture, agriculture, harvesting of living and non-living resources, dredging to remove siltation. (T/F)
False. The rules specify and prohibit harmful activities to wetlands, such as industrialisation, construction of permanent nature, solid waste dumping, dumping untreated waste, reclamation in the wetlands, etc Other activities, such as aquaculture, agriculture, harvesting of living and non-living resources, dredging to remove siltation, etc., may be carried out in the wetlands but only with prior permission from the concerned authorities
45
Wetlands (Conservation-Management) Rules 2017 decentralised wetlands management by giving states/UTs powers to __________, ___________ & _____________
Notify, identify & monitor prohibited activities
46
The Wetlands (Conservation-Management) Rules 2017 stipulate setting up of a _____________ to oversee work carried out by states
National Wetlands Committee (NWC – headed by the MoEFCC Secretary).
47
NWC is an advisory body to NPCA. (T/F)
True
48
NWC advises state bodies based on the ________ principle
WIse Use
49
The Wetlands (Conservation-Management) Rules 2017 stipulates setting up State/UT Wetland Authorities (SWAs) which will be headed by ___________?
State environment minister
50
SWAs can develop a comprehensive list of activities to be regulated and permitted within notified wetlands. (T/F)
True
51
What CAN NOT be notified as wetlands under the Wetland Rules 2017?
River channels, paddy fields, human-made water bodies, aquaculture, salt production, recreation, irrigation projects, wetlands and protected areas falling within areas covered under the Indian Forest Act, 1927, Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 and the Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 2019 cannot be notified under the Wetlands Rules 2017
52
Ramsar convention was signed on?
2nd Feb 1971 (World Wetlands Day)
53
Ramsar theme for 2023
It's Time for Wetlands Restoration
54
COP 14 of Ramsar took place at
Wuhan (Hybrid) - Nov 2022
55
Contracting Parties are mandated to manage their Ramsar Sites to maintain their ecological character and retain their essential functions and values for future generations (T/F)
False. Not mandated, expected
56
____________ is the Worlds's largest protected area network.
Ramsar sites
57
When a country accedes to the convention, it must designate at least one wetland as a Wetland of International Importance (T/F)
True
58
No of contracting parties for Ramsar convention
171
59
World's first Ramsar site
Cobourg peninsula, Australia (1974)
60
Country with most number of Ramsar Sites
UK (175), Mexico (142)
61
Country with largest area under Ramsar sites
Bolivia
62
According to the Ramsar convention a Contracting Party may, because of its urgent national interest, delete or restrict the boundaries of wetlands already included in the list (T/F)
True
63
No Ramsar Site has ever been “deleted” (T/F)
True
64
Number of Ramsar sites in India
75
65
State with highest number of Ramsar sites
TN (14)followed by UP (10)
66
Wetlands in montreux record in India
Keoladeo national park - Rajasthan Loktak Lake - Manipur
67

UPSC - Environment (7 decks)

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