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History Of Biology > Western Science > Flashcards

Western Science Flashcards

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1
Q

Where did Western science originate from?

A

Ancient Greece

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2
Q

Democedes

A

Greek physician who wrote the first known Greek treatise on medicine
- Born 540 BC

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3
Q

Alcemon of Croton

A

Greek Student of Pythagoras (500 BC)

  • Did anatomical dissections of animals and humans
  • Discovered nerved that proceed from brain to eye; described the passageway connecting the mouth and ear
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4
Q

Democritus of Abdera

A

Philosopher of atomism; all things are composed of solid atoms
- Mechanistic world view (lifeless piece of machinery)

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5
Q

Empedocles of Acragas

A

Greek philosopher (500-430 BC)

  • Said that the soul was distributed in the bloodstream
  • Believed all matter was composed of the 4 essential elements that were unified by love and torn apart by strife
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6
Q

Hippocrates

A

The father of medicine (460-357 BC)

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7
Q

Physicians like Hippocrates were like…

A
  • Observers of facts
  • Theorized from facts, made generalizations from actual experience
  • Believed diseases did not result from divine intervention
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8
Q

Hippocrates 4 Humours Theory

A

The physical and emotional state of an individual are affected by an imbalance in the 4 humours (not divine intervention)

  • Black bile: associated with spleen
  • Yellow bile: associated with gallbladder
  • Blood: made in liver
  • Phlegm: associated with the lungs
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9
Q

Socrates

A

Greek philosopher, Teacher of Plato
- Defined the importance of the soul and the fact it persists after death; the body is a temporary habitat for the soul (thought to have made human dissection more acceptable)

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10
Q

Plato

A

Greek philosopher of Athens (5th century BC)

  • Founded the Academy; taught at Lyceum, Museum
  • Developed formalism theory: all existing things are merely imperfect copies of forms/ideas
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11
Q

Formalism Theory

A

Developed by Plato
- All existing things are merely imperfect copies of eternal, unchains, immaterial, and perfect archetypes called forms or ideas

Corporeal realm= scene of imperfect and change
Realm of forms= eternal changeless perfection

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12
Q

Platonism

A

Influence of Plato on theories

  • Insight was gained through intellect not senses
  • Abstract objects existing beyond the material world
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13
Q

What was Plato’s only contribution to Nature?

A

Timeus

  • Views on astrology, cosmology, human physiology
  • Account of respiration, digestion
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14
Q

Theophrastos

A

Greek philosopher, Student of Plato; Father of Botany (372-287 BC)

  • Went to Lyceum with Aristotle
  • Observed seed germination and distinguished between male and female plant forms
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15
Q

What were the published works of Theophrastos?

A
  • Historia Plantarum

- De Causis Planatarum

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16
Q

Aristotle

A

Greek (384-322 BC) teacher at Athens

  • Owner of Lyceum garden
  • The Ladder Theory
  • Theory of the 3 Souls
  • The 4 Aristotelian Causes
17
Q

‘The Ladder’ Theory

A

Aristotle; realized living organisms can be organized in an ascending series
- Classification of organisms

18
Q

Theory of the 3 Souls

A

Aristotle

  • Vegetative and reproductive soul (plants)
  • Animal and sensitive soul (animals)
  • Rational or intellectual soul (man)
19
Q

The 4 Aristotelian Causes

A
  • Form: properties of fungus
  • Matter: subject for the form
  • Agency: that which brings about change
  • Purpose: served by the change
20
Q

Vitalism

A

Life cannot be explained fully by materialistic theories

Aristotle was a proponent of this way of thinking

21
Q

Teleology

A

Use of design/purpose to explain natural phenomena

Aristotle was a proponent of this way of thinking

22
Q

Why was Aristotle’s general philosophy more appealing from a biological point of view?

A
  • Involved observation and reasoning
23
Q

What were some of Aristotle’s great biological observations?

A
  • Embryology of chick
  • Anatomical descriptions of 4 chambered stomach of ruminants
  • Lantern teeth in urchins
  • Anatomy
24
Q

When was the end of the Greek era?

A

~530 BC when Academy and the Lyceum closed

- Rise of Christian church impacted science

25
Q

What is the name of the Greek time period of science?

A

Hellenistic period

History Of Biology (7 decks)

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