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Western Philosophy Flashcards

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1
Q

Philosophy is derived from two Greek words “_____” meaning Love and “______” meaning Wisdom.

A

Philo, Sophia

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2
Q

Historical periods of philosophy:

A 
Ancient philosophy (600 B.C.E. –  1000 C.E.); 
Medieval philosophy (1000 C.E.–1500 C.E.); 
Modern philosophy (1500 C.E.–1900  C.E); 
Contemporary philosophy (1900 C.E. - present)
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3
Q

The phrase “_______” is probably one of the famous expressions that people hear every now and then. Though, it was not invented by Socrates as it is a motto which is engraved on the frontispiece of the Temple of Delphi in Greece, he is challenging people to attain self-knowledge before anything else.

A

Know Thyself

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4
Q

According to him, this knowledge of oneself can be achieved through ______ of inquiry (systematic questioning) where the person uses critical thinking, reasoning, and logic to discover the truths.

A

Socratic’s method

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5
Q

On another hand, Socrates characterizes the SELF as having two separate elements: ________ and _______

A

Physical Body, Mental/Mind or Soul

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6
Q

It exists in the material field. It has earthly existence. And mortal as it is, it is transitory or impermanent.

Imperfect and impermanent

A

Body

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7
Q

It is non-material, absolute and eternal as it resides in the ideal infinite world. It is in constant search for knowledge and wisdom as a way of achieving perfection because of its capacity for reason.

Perfect and permanent

A

Mind/Soul

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8
Q

He believed that it is man’s life-long mission to know thy self. And if and when man fails to examine his/her life then it is not worth living. To him, this is the worst that can happen to anyone: to live but die inside.

A

Socrates (470-399BC)

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9
Q

Founder of Western Philosophy. A student of Socrates, also advocated dualism.

A

Plato (428-347 BC)

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10
Q

He believed that man is a dual nature of body and soul but he added that there are three components of the soul or self: ____________

A

the rational soul, the spirited soul and the appetitive soul.

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11
Q

gives man the ability to think deeply, reflectively and critically.

Reason and intellect.

A

The rational soul (reason)

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12
Q

is man’s passion and/or wicked impulses that gives him the capacity for emotional experiences.

Emotions

A

The spirited soul

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13
Q

is man’s basic survival mechanisms or biological or physical needs.

Base desires

A

the appetitive soul

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14
Q

Plato believes that _____ (rational soul) enables us to appreciate the greater and more important virtues in life and rise above the controlling ______ (appetitive) or _______(spirit or passion).

A

Reason, body’s desire, emotional/immodest impulse

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15
Q

is a medieval religious philosopher who was one of those who strengthened the philosophical foundations of Christianity. He promoted the belief that the physical body is inferior to the mind or the soul but is an essential cradle of the latter.

A

St. Augustine (354-430 BC)

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16
Q

a 13th century scholar and an advocate of medieval philosophy

to him, the soul is what animates the body. It is what makes us human.

A

St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)

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17
Q

St. Thomas Aquinas adapted some concepts of Aristotle which believes that man is composed of two parts:

A

Matter and Form

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18
Q

refers to anything that one can find in his environment. The body that we have; the clothes and shoes that we possess; the house that we own and many others are exampled.

is a physical component

A

Matter

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19
Q

Matter in Greek word

A

Hyle

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20
Q

is the essence of a substance or thing. So it was used to make it useful or the clothes and shoes was utilized to comfort the person and the house was built to shelter the family then all these matter (things) are serving its essence or purpose.

is the essence

A

Form

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21
Q

Form in Greek word

A

Morphe

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22
Q

the Father of Modern Philosophy and the first modern rationalist. He believes that the mind is separate from the body. The mind, that is a thinking but non-extended thing, is completely different from the body which is a non-thinking thing. Therefore, their existence can be independent from one another.

A

Rene Descartes (1596-1650)

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23
Q

Descartes is also known for his principle of: ______ (“I think therefore I am.”)

A

“cogito ergo sum”

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24
Q

To Descartes, the self is a combination of two distinct entities:

A

the cogito

the extenza

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25
Q

Descartes also believes that man’s mind has already innate ideas or pure ideas (known as (“_____”) which are prerequite to learning additional facts

A

priori

26
Q

The philosophy of _____ generated an alternative to metaphysical and dualistic speculation of the earlier philosophers. He introduced the concept of empiricism which gives emphasis on consciousness that provide knowledge and/or identity to the self.

A

John Locke

27
Q

His thought has set that man has initially an empty mind, known as ______, and that the self is formed from the accumulated memory of our experiences which were perceived and reflected by our internal conscious processes.

A

Tabula Rasa

28
Q

is also an empiricist just like Descartes but an extreme one. He rejects the idea of definite identity. He believes that the idea of essential self that has the potential to exist endlessly in the realm of the divine is unthinkable. To him, there can never be an omnipresent self that is unchanging across time and space.

A

David Hume (1711-1774)

29
Q

For the self, to Hume, is nothing but a collection of ever- changing perceptions that are passing through the so called “__________”

A

theater of the mind

30
Q

(David Hume) Therefore, any phenomenon at any given time is an experience of basic sensation called _____ impressions which eventually build up ideas or musings. So, the mind is just a vessel for passing sensations and imprints of our experience.

A

impressions

31
Q

Kant promoted the concept of the two-dimensional self: ______ and ____. The idea is in part a response to the earlier problems on the location of the non-material soul in space that was claimed by some philosophers.

A

Inner self and Outer self

32
Q

is comprised of our psychological state and our rational intellect.

there is apperception or processing of idea and/or experience wherein it is assimilated to the body of ideas that one already possesses.

Intellect and psychological state

A

Inner self

33
Q

includes our sense and the physical world.

Senses and physical self.

A

Outer self

34
Q

Kant termed the inner self as _______

A

empirical self-consciousness.

35
Q

He believes that man is endowed with mental faculties or cognitive mechanisms called ______ that actively synthesizes and organizes and ______ the sensations and impressions to form knowledge from their different experiences.

A

Mind, Construct

36
Q

Year of Immanuel Kant

A

1724-1804

37
Q

The philosophy of _____ counters Rene Descarte’s dualistic framing of the self. He presented the perspective that mind and body are unified where the mind component exits in the private domain and the body subsist in the public dimension. He further his view by focusing more on the dimension of self that is observable, the behavior.

“The Self is how you behave.”

A

Gilbert Ryle (1900- 1976)

38
Q

To behaviorists like Ryle, self then is defined by the _____ To him, what truly matters is the ____ that a person manifests in his day-to-day life

A

person’s behavior, behavior

39
Q

Her concept of self was born out of the influence of Neuroscience. She holds on to materialism rather than dualism which was eventually eliminated by neurophysiology.

A

Patricia Churchland (1943)

40
Q

is the belief that nothing but matter (brain) exists. It is the physical brain, and not the mind, that is real.

A

Uphold Materialism

41
Q

He is a French phenomenological philosopher who was strongly influenced by Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger.

Mind and body cannot be separated; living body, his thoughts, emotions, and experiences are all one

A

Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908-1961)

42
Q

is a perspective that focuses on man’s immediate experience, attempting to describe them as they are.

A

Phenomenology

43
Q

The goal is to clearly describe every event and object (“______”) as experienced, perceived and understood by the person in his human consciousness.

A

phenomena

44
Q

According to phenomenology, ______ is that which the person experience in his phenomenal field. Those lived experiences that arrived to his senses which the person becomes conscious and aware of turned out to be the primary component of the self.

A

Reality

45
Q

An attempt to understand the universe and humanity and its complexity.

A

Philosophy

46
Q

is attained when the 3 parts of the soul (Rational, spirited, and appetitive) are working harmoniously with one another

A

Justice

47
Q

(St. Augustine) the ____ who can only thrive in the physical reality is imperfect, corruptible, and finite.

A

Body

48
Q

(St. Augustine)

____ can stay after death

A

Soul

49
Q

(Rene Descartes) the thing that thinks

A

Cogito (the mind)

50
Q

(Rene Descartes) the extension of the mind

A

Extenza (the body)

51
Q

is superseded by an individual’s passion, drive, and motivation

A

Intellect

52
Q

human knowledge is ultimately founded solely in experience

A

Innate ideas

53
Q

The consciousness is compromised of ____ and ____.

A

Inner self and Outer self

54
Q

He coined the term

A

“the ghost in the machine”

55
Q

(Gillbert Ryle) ____ is subject to the mechanical laws

A

Physical body

56
Q

_____ is not acceptable to the public and definitely never subjected to mechanical laws

A

Mind

57
Q

The idea that the nature of mental processes such as decision-making, problem-solving and so forth were supported by neurobiological mechanisms

A

Neurophilosophy

58
Q

Mental states of __________ are patterns of neural activities in the brain

A

hope
emotions sleeping & dreaming,
decision making,
problem solving

59
Q

They focus on experience

A

Phenomenologist

60
Q

Consciousness is primarily not a matter of “I think that” but of “_____”

A

I can

61
Q

is required in the formation of self perception as well as self concept

A

Action

62
Q

In “primacy of perception”, “there is harmony between what we aim at and what is given, between intention and performance

A

True

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