Western Pharmacology Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Who created the medical oath?

A

hippocrates

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2
Q

what is quinine

A

bark of the peruvian tree that treats malaria

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3
Q

where does salicylic acid come from

A

willow trees for aspirin

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4
Q

what was ether used for in the 1840’s

A

general anesthesia

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5
Q

what was cocaine used for in the 1880’s

A

a local anesthetic

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6
Q

what was insulin used for in the 1920’s

A

to lower blood pressure in dogs

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7
Q

what was penicillin used for in the 1920’s

A

antibiotic

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8
Q

where does natural progesterone come from in the 1940’s

A

the mexican yam used as birth control

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9
Q

when was DNA discovered

A

in the 1950’s

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10
Q

when was aids discovered

A

in the 1980’s

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11
Q

what must be on an over the counter drug label

A
name of the drug
name and address of manufacturer
active and other ingredients
amount in the bottle
caution or warning
usage/how to take it
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12
Q

what must be on a prescription drug label

A
name and address of pharmacy
strength of drug prescription
date prescription filled
name of doctor prescribed
direction for use
patient's name
warnings and cautions
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13
Q

im

A

intramuscular

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14
Q

inj

A

injection

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15
Q

iv

A

intravenous

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16
Q

p.o.

A

taken orally

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17
Q

top

A

topical

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18
Q

a.d.

A

right ear

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19
Q

a.s.

A

left ear

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20
Q

a.u.

A

both ears

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21
Q

o.d.

A

right eye

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22
Q

o.s.

A

left eye

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23
Q

o.u.

A

both eyes

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24
Q

cap

A

capsule

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25
tab
tablet
26
supp
suppository
27
syr
syrup
28
ung
ointment
29
aq
water
30
liq
liquid
31
tbsp
tablespoon
32
tsp
teaspoon
33
gtt
drops
34
fl
fluid
35
aq.ad.
add water to
36
c
with
37
am
morning
38
pm
afternoon/night
39
h.s.
ad bedtime
40
ac
before meals
41
pc
after meals
42
prn
as needed
43
stat
immediately
44
bid
twice daily
45
tid
three times a day
46
qid
four times a day
47
qd
every day
48
q.h.
every hour
49
dc
discontinue
50
tf
till finished
51
agonists
produce a response
52
antagonists
stop a response
53
MEC
minimum effectiveness of a drug
54
MTC
the minimum amount of a drug for a person to experience toxicity
55
bioavailability
the amount of drug that goes through the systemic circulatory system
56
neonate
birth to 1 month
57
infant
1 month to 2 years
58
child
2-12
59
adolescent
13-19
60
adult
20-70
61
edler
over 70
62
what qualifies as overweight
50% above standard weight
63
2kg is how many pounds
4.4 lb
64
1g is how many mg
1000
65
1mg is how many mcg
1000 mcg
66
1tsp is how many ml
5ml
67
1kg is how many g
1000g
68
1gtt is how many ml
0.05ml
69
1oz is how many g
30g
70
1 fl oz is how many ml
30ml
71
1 tbsp is how many ml
15ml
72
who is one of the most important people in the history of medicine, tasted the hundreds of herbal medicines
Shen Nong
73
what is the first antibiotic
penicillin
74
what is the first local anesthetic used in surgery
cocaine
75
what are the requirements of FDA
safety effectiveness they are also in charge of adverse effects during trial and when is it on the market
76
what is a placebo
an inactive substance, sugar pills, not a medication
77
what are the three phases of a clinical trial
1. small group less than 100 people 2. large group - 100s of people 3. larger group 1000s of people
78
what stage in the clinical trial are more serious adverse effects - usually pulled out at this phase
second step - large group 100s of people
79
what are the two names of drugs
brand name, generic
80
what type of experiment is the clinical trial
double blind, a placebo is used
81
where are the receptors located
cell membrane
82
agonist
activates receptors to produce a response
83
antagonist
binds to a receptor to stop a response
84
what is a therapeutic window
MEC: minimum effectiveness of a drug MTC: the minimum amount of a drug for a person to experience toxicity
85
where are most drugs and metabolites excreted
urine, stool, sweat
86
the breakdown of drugs by metabolism is caused by
enzymes
87
bio availability
the amount of a drug that goes through the systemic circulation
88
what are the different factors can influence the differences in medication response among people
``` age gender pregnancy genetics weight psyche ```
89
children metabolism drugs more rapidly or sower than adults?
more rapidly
90
the drug-drug interaction can either increase or decrease in the therapeutic effects or adverse effects?
both increase and decrease
91
when do additive effects occur
when 2 drugs increase their interactions (alcohol and sedatives)
92
in order to increase drug excretion
increase urine PH and decrease renal absorption
93
idiosyncracy
a special reaction to a drug that usually happens the firs time taking a drug related to metabolism
94
how many kg of dextrose is in 400ml of a 70% solution of dextrose 1000ml?
0.280kg
95
one dose of antibiotics is 150mg, we have 250mg/ml..how much antibiotics do we need for one dose in ml
0.6ml
96
a solution contains 2mg/ml of an active incredient. how many grams would be in 473ml of this solution
0.946g