Western Path 1 Final

Question 1

Osteoporosis

Answer 1

• most common bone diesease
• deminished strenght, major risk factor for fractures after minimal trauma
• low overall bone mass together with a disruption of normal bone architecture
• decrease in bone mineral (calcium and phosphorus) and bone matrix (collagen & other bone proteins)
• inherited and congential risk factors: female, white, thin/small frame, family hisotry and envrionment, sedentary, smoking, estrogen deficiency, hyper(para)thyroidism
• tx w/ biophosphonates

Question 2

Paget’s Disease

Answer 2

• osteitis deformans, accelerated bone turnover
• abnormal osteoclast activity that results in increased bone breakdown accompanied with increase in bone formation
• new bone is abnormal in its organization and loss of usual lamellar structure that is important for bone strength
• associated with viruses

Question 3

GERD

Answer 3

• gastroesophageal reflux disease
• almost 50% of Americans suffer heartburn
• several deficiencies in the defense system of reflux are often present, decreased esophageal sphincture (LES) pressure, increased number of transient LES relaxations, hiatal hernia or displacement of stomach through hiatus
• esophagitis, esophageal peptic stricutes and barrett’s esophagus

Question 4

Helicobacter Pylori

Answer 4

• causes 75% of peptic ulcers that are not caused by NSAID’s, making it the 2nd most common cause
• Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a type of bacteria. These germs can enter your body and live in your digestive tract. After many years, they can cause sores, called ulcers, in the lining of your stomach or the upper part of your small intestine. For some people, an infection can lead to stomach cancer.

Question 5

GI Bleeding

Answer 5

cirrhosis of liver or chronic liver disease, spelenomegaly, acites, sleral icterus, spider angiomas
upper gi-bleeding from the esophagus to the duodenum
lower gi- bleeding from the jejunum to the anus

Question 6

acromegaly

Answer 6

Acromegaly is a hormonal disorder that develops when your pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone during adulthood. When this happens, your bones increase in size, including those of your hands, feet and face. Acromegaly usually affects middle-aged adults.

Question 7

ascites

Answer 7

accumulation of fluids in the peritoneal cavity, from liver disease or cirrhosis, hepatitis, portal hypertension

Question 8

common causes of pancreatitis

Answer 8

gall stones and alcohol, diabetes

Question 9

causitive factors of peptic ulcers

Answer 9

nsaids, h. pylori

Question 10

what are biophosphanates used for?

Answer 10

osteoporosis

Question 11

diarrhea

Answer 11

def: increased stool output, may represent increase in frequency, stool fluidity or a combo of both
acute-no longer than 6 to 8 weeks with most cases resolving in 2-3 weeks
chronic- >8weeks
etiology: abnormal flid and elctrolyte transport and altered intestinal motility
-presense of poorly absorbably intraluminal solute (osmotic diarrhea)
-abnormal ion absorpy or ion secretion (secretory diarrhea)
- inflammatory processes of mucose and bowel wall
-abnormal intetinal motility

Question 12

constipation

Answer 12

def: impaired defecation, including abn frequency, straining w/o defecation, passage of hard stool, sense of incomplete evacuation
criteria (2 or more):
straining 25% of def; lumpy or hard 25%, sensation of obstruction 25%, manual manuevers to facilitate 25%,

Question 13

IBS

Answer 13

irritable bowel syndrome
-most common fx’l GI disorder
-combo of chronic and recurrent gi symptoms, not explained by structural or biochemical abnormalities
patients may have:
exaggerated intestinal motor activity in response to intrinsic (eating) and environmental stimuli (stress)

Question 14

ulcerative colitis

Answer 14

mucosal diseaselimitedto the colon, begins in the rectum and contiguous throught the bowel

• there may be a sharp cutoff of normal and abnormal mucosa in the distal bowel or the whole colon may be involved (pancolitis)
• bloody diarrhea and tenesmus common, if rectal involvment bleeding and constipation

-interaction between genetic, immune response and enviro influences

Question 15

chron’s disease

Answer 15

inflammatory process involves any part ofluminal gi tract fromthemoouth to the anus
-fibrous tissue and architectural distortion, aphtous ulcerations, fibrosis, skip lesions, thickening, absess, fistula formation and obstruction can all occur

Question 16

hemorrhoids

Answer 16

Hemorrhoids are enlarged veins located in the lower part of the rectum and the anus. The veins become swollen due to increased pressure within them, usually from constipation or profuse diarrhea, and during pregnancy because of the pressure of the enlarged uterus.
-may cause px, itching, swelling or bleeding with bm’s

Question 17

tenesmus

Answer 17

constant feeling of needing to pass stool

Question 18

Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver disease (NAFLD)

Answer 18

• produce abnormal liver fx tests (elevated)
• 1. insulin resistance leads to retentionof lipids, decreased fatty acid disposal, macrovesicular steanosis (chicken wire appearance on liver biopsy) and 2. oxidative stressresponsible for progession from steatosis to steatohepatitis w. or w.o fibrosis or cirrhosis
     etiology: visceral obesity, type 2 diabetes, low hdl, hypertygliceridemia
• mitochondiral dysfx is linke to insulin resistance

Question 19

Cirrhosis is caused by

Answer 19

alcohol, drugs, hepatitis or other infections, chronic hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, biliary obstruction, non alcoholic fatty liver disease

Question 20

causative factors of pulmonary embolism

Answer 20

coagulation disorders, surgery, deep vein thrombosis, due to stasis and vessel wall injury and can lead to platelet aggregation

Question 21

side effects of heparin

Answer 21

sudden numbness or weakness, especially on one side of the body;
sudden severe headache, confusion, problems with vision, speech, or balance;
chest pain, sudden cough, wheezing, rapid breathing, fast heart rate;
pain, swelling, warmth, or redness in one or both legs;
trouble breathing;
(in an infant) extreme drowsiness, weakness, or gasping for breath; or
fever, chills, runny nose, or watery eyes.
Less serious side effects may include:

mild pain, redness, warmth, or skin changes where the medicine was injected;
mild itching of your feet; or
bluish-colored skin

Question 22

hemophilia a

Answer 22

most common inherited bleeding disorder, seen almost exclusively in males, bleeding begins in infancy, spontaneous hemarthroses are common,

Question 23

aplastic anemia

Answer 23

Aplastic anemia is a condition that occurs when your body stops producing enough new blood cells. Aplastic anemia leaves you feeling fatigued and with a higher risk of infections and uncontrolled bleeding.

Question 24

palliative

Answer 24

pain relieving without addressing the cause of the pain

Question 25

lymphomas

Answer 25

malignant transformation of lymphoid cells (b, t, or natural killer cells)
classified as hodgkins disease or non hodgkin’s lymphoma

Question 26

leukemia

Answer 26

characterized by neoplastic transformation of hematopoietic cells, these cells accumulate in the bone marrow and sometimes the peripheral blood
presents as: anemia and thrombocytopenia

Question 27

multiple myeloma

Answer 27

malignant disorder of plasma cells typically found in the bone marrow
common manifestations: bony px, anemia, renal dysfx, hypercalcemia, recurring infections, peripheral neurophathy

Question 28

most common cancer in men and women

Answer 28

men: prostate women: breast

Question 29

most common site for metastasis of colony cancer

Answer 29

LIVER, adrenals, bone, brain, lymph nodes

Question 30

gout

Answer 30

A form of arthritis characterized by severe pain, redness, and tenderness in joints.

Question 31

septicemia (sepsis)

Answer 31

bacteria in the blood (bacteremia) that often occurs with severe infections, life threatening
-Symptoms include fever, difficulty breathing, low blood pressure, fast heart rate, and mental confusion.

Question 32

hirsutism

Answer 32

unwanted, male pattern hair growth in women, may arise from excess male hormones called androgens, primarily testosterone. Hirsutism may also be due to a family trait.

Question 33

dysphagia

Answer 33

difficulty swallowing

Question 34

Hypogonadism

Answer 34

a diminished functional activity of the gonads – the testes and ovaries in males and females, respectively – that may result in diminished sex hormone biosynthesis.

Question 35

most common site for squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 35

tongue

Question 36

prostate cancer

Answer 36

present with bladder outlet obstruction or hematuria, if it metastasis bone px, spinal cord compression or obstruction, uropathy

• shows high spa (not always or doesn’t necessarily mean cancer)
• unidentified environmental causes and lifestyle factors

Question 37

stomach cancer

Answer 37

signs- nausea and discomfort, vomiting, early satiety (feel full early), weight loss,
caused by enviro and genetic factors, h. pylori increases risk 3-6 times for developing distal intestinal type adenocarcinoma

Question 38

basal cell carcinoma

Answer 38

most common skin cancer

• ultraviolet radiation in the most important causative factor-both sun burn and cumulative exposure
• most located in sun exposed areas ( 85% head and neck)
• uncommon in those

Question 39

squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 39

2nd most common cutaneous malignancy, sun associated tumor, sun burns or cumulative dose, more likely in those w/ blue eyes, light skin, blonde hair

• erythematous, scaly lesion from a few millimeters to several centimeters in size
• begins in epidermis but can invade into dermis, subcutaneous tissues, forming a deep nodular mass
• can grow slowly or double in size in a matter of weeks

Question 40

lung cancer

Answer 40

Symptoms include cough, chest pain, wheezing, and weight loss, which often don’t appear until the cancer is advanced.
People may experience:
Pain: in the rib or chest, can occur while breathing, can be sharp or dull
Cough: can be chronic, dry or with phlegm, severe or with blood
Respiratory: wheezing, frequent respiratory infections, or shortness of breath
Whole body: weakness, loss of appetite, or fatigue
Also common: chest discomfort, hoarseness, swollen lymph nodes, or weight loss

Question 41

Platelets (thrombocytes)

Answer 41

colorless blood cells that help blood clot. Platelets stop bleeding by clumping and forming plugs in blood vessel injuries.

Question 42

techniques to examine the colon

Answer 42

colonoscopy