Western Path 1 Final Flashcards
Osteoporosis
- most common bone diesease
- deminished strenght, major risk factor for fractures after minimal trauma
- low overall bone mass together with a disruption of normal bone architecture
- decrease in bone mineral (calcium and phosphorus) and bone matrix (collagen & other bone proteins)
- inherited and congential risk factors: female, white, thin/small frame, family hisotry and envrionment, sedentary, smoking, estrogen deficiency, hyper(para)thyroidism
- tx w/ biophosphonates
Paget’s Disease
- osteitis deformans, accelerated bone turnover
- abnormal osteoclast activity that results in increased bone breakdown accompanied with increase in bone formation
- new bone is abnormal in its organization and loss of usual lamellar structure that is important for bone strength
- associated with viruses
GERD
- gastroesophageal reflux disease
- almost 50% of Americans suffer heartburn
- several deficiencies in the defense system of reflux are often present, decreased esophageal sphincture (LES) pressure, increased number of transient LES relaxations, hiatal hernia or displacement of stomach through hiatus
- esophagitis, esophageal peptic stricutes and barrett’s esophagus
Helicobacter Pylori
- causes 75% of peptic ulcers that are not caused by NSAID’s, making it the 2nd most common cause
- Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a type of bacteria. These germs can enter your body and live in your digestive tract. After many years, they can cause sores, called ulcers, in the lining of your stomach or the upper part of your small intestine. For some people, an infection can lead to stomach cancer.
GI Bleeding
cirrhosis of liver or chronic liver disease, spelenomegaly, acites, sleral icterus, spider angiomas
upper gi-bleeding from the esophagus to the duodenum
lower gi- bleeding from the jejunum to the anus
acromegaly
Acromegaly is a hormonal disorder that develops when your pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone during adulthood. When this happens, your bones increase in size, including those of your hands, feet and face. Acromegaly usually affects middle-aged adults.
ascites
accumulation of fluids in the peritoneal cavity, from liver disease or cirrhosis, hepatitis, portal hypertension
common causes of pancreatitis
gall stones and alcohol, diabetes
causitive factors of peptic ulcers
nsaids, h. pylori
what are biophosphanates used for?
osteoporosis
diarrhea
def: increased stool output, may represent increase in frequency, stool fluidity or a combo of both
acute-no longer than 6 to 8 weeks with most cases resolving in 2-3 weeks
chronic- >8weeks
etiology: abnormal flid and elctrolyte transport and altered intestinal motility
-presense of poorly absorbably intraluminal solute (osmotic diarrhea)
-abnormal ion absorpy or ion secretion (secretory diarrhea)
- inflammatory processes of mucose and bowel wall
-abnormal intetinal motility
constipation
def: impaired defecation, including abn frequency, straining w/o defecation, passage of hard stool, sense of incomplete evacuation
criteria (2 or more):
straining 25% of def; lumpy or hard 25%, sensation of obstruction 25%, manual manuevers to facilitate 25%,
IBS
irritable bowel syndrome
-most common fx’l GI disorder
-combo of chronic and recurrent gi symptoms, not explained by structural or biochemical abnormalities
patients may have:
exaggerated intestinal motor activity in response to intrinsic (eating) and environmental stimuli (stress)
ulcerative colitis
mucosal diseaselimitedto the colon, begins in the rectum and contiguous throught the bowel
- there may be a sharp cutoff of normal and abnormal mucosa in the distal bowel or the whole colon may be involved (pancolitis)
- bloody diarrhea and tenesmus common, if rectal involvment bleeding and constipation
-interaction between genetic, immune response and enviro influences
chron’s disease
inflammatory process involves any part ofluminal gi tract fromthemoouth to the anus
-fibrous tissue and architectural distortion, aphtous ulcerations, fibrosis, skip lesions, thickening, absess, fistula formation and obstruction can all occur
hemorrhoids
Hemorrhoids are enlarged veins located in the lower part of the rectum and the anus. The veins become swollen due to increased pressure within them, usually from constipation or profuse diarrhea, and during pregnancy because of the pressure of the enlarged uterus.
-may cause px, itching, swelling or bleeding with bm’s
tenesmus
constant feeling of needing to pass stool
Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver disease (NAFLD)
- produce abnormal liver fx tests (elevated)
- insulin resistance leads to retentionof lipids, decreased fatty acid disposal, macrovesicular steanosis (chicken wire appearance on liver biopsy) and 2. oxidative stressresponsible for progession from steatosis to steatohepatitis w. or w.o fibrosis or cirrhosis
etiology: visceral obesity, type 2 diabetes, low hdl, hypertygliceridemia
- insulin resistance leads to retentionof lipids, decreased fatty acid disposal, macrovesicular steanosis (chicken wire appearance on liver biopsy) and 2. oxidative stressresponsible for progession from steatosis to steatohepatitis w. or w.o fibrosis or cirrhosis
- mitochondiral dysfx is linke to insulin resistance
Cirrhosis is caused by
alcohol, drugs, hepatitis or other infections, chronic hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, biliary obstruction, non alcoholic fatty liver disease
causative factors of pulmonary embolism
coagulation disorders, surgery, deep vein thrombosis, due to stasis and vessel wall injury and can lead to platelet aggregation
side effects of heparin
sudden numbness or weakness, especially on one side of the body;
sudden severe headache, confusion, problems with vision, speech, or balance;
chest pain, sudden cough, wheezing, rapid breathing, fast heart rate;
pain, swelling, warmth, or redness in one or both legs;
trouble breathing;
(in an infant) extreme drowsiness, weakness, or gasping for breath; or
fever, chills, runny nose, or watery eyes.
Less serious side effects may include:
mild pain, redness, warmth, or skin changes where the medicine was injected;
mild itching of your feet; or
bluish-colored skin
hemophilia a
most common inherited bleeding disorder, seen almost exclusively in males, bleeding begins in infancy, spontaneous hemarthroses are common,
aplastic anemia
Aplastic anemia is a condition that occurs when your body stops producing enough new blood cells. Aplastic anemia leaves you feeling fatigued and with a higher risk of infections and uncontrolled bleeding.
palliative
pain relieving without addressing the cause of the pain
lymphomas
malignant transformation of lymphoid cells (b, t, or natural killer cells)
classified as hodgkins disease or non hodgkin’s lymphoma
leukemia
characterized by neoplastic transformation of hematopoietic cells, these cells accumulate in the bone marrow and sometimes the peripheral blood
presents as: anemia and thrombocytopenia
multiple myeloma
malignant disorder of plasma cells typically found in the bone marrow
common manifestations: bony px, anemia, renal dysfx, hypercalcemia, recurring infections, peripheral neurophathy
most common cancer in men and women
men: prostate women: breast
most common site for metastasis of colony cancer
LIVER, adrenals, bone, brain, lymph nodes
gout
A form of arthritis characterized by severe pain, redness, and tenderness in joints.
septicemia (sepsis)
bacteria in the blood (bacteremia) that often occurs with severe infections, life threatening
-Symptoms include fever, difficulty breathing, low blood pressure, fast heart rate, and mental confusion.
hirsutism
unwanted, male pattern hair growth in women, may arise from excess male hormones called androgens, primarily testosterone. Hirsutism may also be due to a family trait.
dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
Hypogonadism
a diminished functional activity of the gonads – the testes and ovaries in males and females, respectively – that may result in diminished sex hormone biosynthesis.
most common site for squamous cell carcinoma
tongue
prostate cancer
present with bladder outlet obstruction or hematuria, if it metastasis bone px, spinal cord compression or obstruction, uropathy
- shows high spa (not always or doesn’t necessarily mean cancer)
- unidentified environmental causes and lifestyle factors
stomach cancer
signs- nausea and discomfort, vomiting, early satiety (feel full early), weight loss,
caused by enviro and genetic factors, h. pylori increases risk 3-6 times for developing distal intestinal type adenocarcinoma
basal cell carcinoma
most common skin cancer
- ultraviolet radiation in the most important causative factor-both sun burn and cumulative exposure
- most located in sun exposed areas ( 85% head and neck)
- uncommon in those
squamous cell carcinoma
2nd most common cutaneous malignancy, sun associated tumor, sun burns or cumulative dose, more likely in those w/ blue eyes, light skin, blonde hair
- erythematous, scaly lesion from a few millimeters to several centimeters in size
- begins in epidermis but can invade into dermis, subcutaneous tissues, forming a deep nodular mass
- can grow slowly or double in size in a matter of weeks
lung cancer
Symptoms include cough, chest pain, wheezing, and weight loss, which often don’t appear until the cancer is advanced.
People may experience:
Pain: in the rib or chest, can occur while breathing, can be sharp or dull
Cough: can be chronic, dry or with phlegm, severe or with blood
Respiratory: wheezing, frequent respiratory infections, or shortness of breath
Whole body: weakness, loss of appetite, or fatigue
Also common: chest discomfort, hoarseness, swollen lymph nodes, or weight loss
Platelets (thrombocytes)
colorless blood cells that help blood clot. Platelets stop bleeding by clumping and forming plugs in blood vessel injuries.
techniques to examine the colon
colonoscopy
