Western MesoAmerica Final Flashcards
(78 cards)
1
Q
Late formative and protoclassic
A
Late postclassic A.D 1250-1521 Early postclassic A.D 900-1250 Late/terminal classic A.D 600-900 Early classic A.D 300-600 Proto classic 100 B.C- A.D 300 Late formative 400-100 B.C
2
Q
Tres Zapotes:
A
Where: the Gulf coast
What: Monument C, and Steala D
When: Late formative/ protoclassic
3
Q
Izapa style
A
Where:Chipas
What: protoclassic curvilinear style names after type of site of Izapa, Chiapas.
When: Protoclassic ,
4
Q
Long count
A
Where: Tres Zapotes
What: a count of days from a mythical even in 3114 BC, originating in form of Olmec heartland
When: Protoclassic
5
Q
La Mojarra
A
Where: Veracruz
What: Stela 1,
When: Protoclassic
6
Q
Chiapa de Corzo
A
Where: Chiapas
What: stela 2, earliest long count date 36 BC,
When: late formative and classic
7
Q
Tuxtla Statuette:
A
Where: Veracruz
What: 2nd century long count dates,
When: Preclassic
8
Q
Cerro de Las Mesas:
A
Where Veracruz
What site, steale with early classic long count dates.
When: Early classic
9
Q
Ramojadas
A
Where: gulf coast
What: site ceramic style, Chapopte tar paint.
When: proto and late classic
10
Q
Chapopte
A
What: tar paint used on ceramics
11
Q
El Zapotal
A
Where: Cerro do las Mesas
What: remojadas ceramic style, clay death and fire god shrine
When: classic period
12
Q
Nopiloa
A
Where: Veracruz
What: site type of ceramic style, the widespread use of molds, that were mass-produced.
When Classic period
13
Q
Las Higueras
A
Where: Veracruz
What: pyramid with elaborate mural paintings.
When: Classic period
14
Q
Ball game:
A
What: sacrificial decapitation important symbolic theme in ball game
Head is symbolic for the “ball”
15
Q
Ballcourts:
A
What: symbolic entrances to earth and underworld, a place for death and fertility
Sunken and probably ritually flooded to create pools.
16
Q
Ulama:
A
What: modern form of rubber ballgame,
Where: Sinaloa (west Mexico)
17
Q
Yogo:
A
What: “yoke ball player belts, to protect their hips
18
Q
Hacha:
A
What: palmate stone attached to the belt, not used in the game, too heavy, only used for ritualistic purposes.
19
Q
El Tajin:
A
where: Veracruz
what: largest ball courts 18 known for any , talud tablero (potential Teotihuacan influence) with hitches and flaring corners
Mural paintings with Maya Blue decorative
When: Early classic to end of Early postclassic
20
Q
Lustrous ware:
A
what: from tajin area, common at teotihuacan
21
Q
Tajin Grande:
A
Where: Veracruz
What: pyramid of nitches, ceremonial center
when: Early classic to end of Early postclassic
22
Q
Interlace scroll
A
Where: Veracruz
What: elaborate carvings, panels plumed serpent/Quetzalcoatl bird
When: Early classic to end of Early postclassic
23
Q
Tajin Chico:
A
Where: Veracruz
What: palace area on hill,fault stairway, entrance to symbolic court.
When: Early classic to end of Early postclassic
24
Q
Yohualichan:
A
Where: Puebla
What: used to be a major trade route, El Tajin style architecture
When:Early classic to end of Early postclassic
25
Terminal Classic of central mexico right after the fall of Teotihuacan
Traits:
1) Emergence of new political centers, smaller in scale
2) Population change, migrations, population dispersed in Valley
3) New trading patterns and routes, Teotihuacan trade to the west and north no longer important
4) Increased evidence of militarism
5) More cosmopolitan and synthetic nature to art, writing and architecture
26
coyotlatelco pottery
Where: central mexico
What: red on buff ware with red slip
When: Terminal Classic
27
Teotenango:
Where: valley of Toluca,
What: fortified site atop of hill with major stone wall, ringed ball court
When: terminal classic
28
Calendrics:
Where: Central Mexico
What:260 calendar, 20 day names year bearers, same as xochicalco
When: terminal classic
29
Xochicalco
Where: Morelos, Central Mexico
What: fortified site atop a hill with protective walls and dry moats, Sacbe roads
Three Ringed ball courts, ritualistic
When: Terminal Classic
30
Pyramid of the Feathered Serpent
Where: Morelos
What: flaring cornice known for El Tajin, plumed serpents with maya rulers,
When: Terminal classic
31
Red temple
Where: Morelos
What: 3 stelae, calandrics, year bearers, bar and dot numeration
When: Terminal/ late classic
32
Nuine,
Where: Oaxaca
What: iconographic and epigraphic style similar to Zapotec, tomb with murals
When: terminal classic
33
Cholula
Where: Puebla
What: Los Bebedores, early Mural, during late classic, Large man-made pyramid
When: Late classic
34
Xochitecatl:
Where: Tlaxcala
What: fortified hilltop site conquered by Olmeca- Xicalance
when : terminal classic
35
*Cacaxtla
Where: Tlaxcala
What: fortified site on hill, Coyotlatelco pottery, Structure A, Structure B
When: terminal classic
36
Red Temple
Where: Tlaxcala
What: stairway flanked plumed serpents and Maya scenes,maize plant with head of Maya Maize god, Maya . God L
When: terminal classic/ late classic
37
Tula and the Early Postclassic Period (a.d. 900-1250)
General information about Tula:
This is the first time we see the widespread appearance of metalworking and turquoise in Mesoamerica.
The place is called Tollan, and the people of Tollan is called the Toltecs
Divided into three phases
6 ballcourts
It was nucleated, but not to the same extent as Teotihuacan
Vases found are used for drinking cacao
38
Tula (Actually name is Tollan)
Where: Hidalgo
What: First place where we see metal widespread,
When: Early postclassic
39
Ce Acatl Topiltzin/Quetzalcoatl,
Where: Tula
What: known as the legendary hero of Tollan
When: Early Postclassic
40
Tula Phases
Prado
Corral
Tollan: Coyotlatelco ceramic style
41
Coyotlatelco ceramic style
red buff ware
42
More types of ceramic styles are, and they were influenced by other places:
Coyotaltelco (Corral phase)
Plumbate (came from Soconusco area from southeastern coastal Chiapas)
Papagayo polychrome (came from Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica)
Fine Orange (Came from Tabasco)
43
Obsidian:
Where: Pachuca
What: important source of green obsidian,
When: Early post classic
44
Tula Chico:
Where: Hidalgo
What: It was abandoned, people then went to Tula Grande
When: Early postclassic
45
Tula Grande:
Where: Hidalgo
What: stone columns, we find enclosed Pyramid B, four-sided column,
when: Early Postclassic
46
Chac Mool
When: Hidalgo
What: supine sculptures, altars for heart sacrifice
When: Early Postclassic
47
Palace quemado
Where: Hidalgo
What: Atlantean figurines, and pyramid of Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli,Aztec petroglyph honoring the Quetzalcoatl,
When: Early Postclassic
48
El Corral:
Where: Hidalgo
What: circular wind temple of Tula
When: Early Postclassic
49
The great battle between Tezcatlipoca
(Lord of Smoking mirror) and Quetzalcoatl/Ce Acatl Topiltzin. After Ce Acatl Topiltzin slept with his sister/ drunk left to (Chichen Itza). Here he was name Kukulcan
50
El Castillo:
Where: Chichen Itza
What: Legendary Temple built in honor of Kukulcan,
When: Early Postclassic
51
Caracol:
Where: Chichen Itza
What: Circular wind temple, spiral stairway and conshells
When: Early Postclassic
52
Road to Cibola
What: West Mexican trade route, which starts in Amapa (Nayarit) into American Southwest
When: late postclassic
53
Chalchihuites
Where: Zacatecas
What: Culture/a people
When: Late postclassic
54
Alta Vista
Where: Zacatecas
What: Elaborative roadways
When: Late postclassic
55
La Quemada
Where: Zacatecas
What: It is a site elaborative roadways, and it has columnated halls that resemble Tollan
When: Late postclassic
56
Paquimé (Casa Grandes)
Where: Highland Zacatecas
What: It is a huge adobe where the trade routes connected, eye-shaped ballcourt
When: Late postclassic
57
Pueblo Bonit
Where: Chaco canyon
What: vessels from drinking cacao discovered
When: Late postclassic
58
Tarascans (purépecha) Ceramic style
Lost Wax Technique
59
Tarascans (Purépecha)
Where: Michoacan
What: Fought with bows and arrows and since they knew the area so well, Aztec could not conquer them
When: Late postclassic
60
Crónica De Michoacán
Where: Michoacan
What: most important document concerning Tarascan society,
When: Late postclassic
61
Yacatas
Where: Michoacan
What: circular burial platforms for the tombs of Tarascan kings on top of hills
When: Late postclassic
62
Tomb 7
Where: Oaxaca
What: Zapotec platform, depiction of Lady 9 grass (the oracle)
When: Late postclassic
63
Relaciones geograica
Where: oaxaca
What: Alfonos Caso, map of Teozaculaco, an important source of information
When: late postclassic
64
Codex nuttal
Where: Oaxaca
What: It is the story about Lord 8 Deer of Tilantongo
When: Late postclassic
65
Codex Selden
Where: Oaxaca
What: It is the story about Lady 6 monkey, Jaltepec, killed by lord 8 deer.
When: Late postclassic
66
Penates
Where: Oaxaca
What: It is small stone deity images of Mixtec
When: Late postclassic
67
Xantiles
Where: Oaxaca
What: It is incensburners
When: Late postclassic
68
Cholula polychrome
What: ceramics mixteca puebla style
when: late postclassic
69
Tizatan,
Where: Tlaxcal,
What: mixteca- puebla style murals
When: late postclassic
70
Ocoteluco
Where: tlaxcala
What: mixteca- puebla style murals
When: late postclassic
71
Tehuacan viejo
What: mixteca- puebla style murals of shields
When: late postclassic
72
Choula
Where: puebla
What: important center of style
when : late postclassic
73
Borgia group
What: 5 prehispanic codices in Mixteca puebla style
When: late postclassic
74
Chinampa system of agriculture:
when Aztec people left made Tenochtitlan they made a chiapas surface for the city to stand on. Stand on poles that reaches the bottom, and fill the spaces between with dirt to build platforms. At Tenochtitlan have this for farm and uses boats to travel around.
75
The Terminal Classic period in highland Mexico, including major sites and evidence of foreign influence from the Gulf Coast and Maya Regions, especially at Xochicalco and Cacaxtla
Evidence 1: We find ringed ball courts in Xochicalco. Specific for this is the ritualistic flooding, and inside of the ball court we find markings of a bat. A bat is a representation to the Popul Vuh, which is the creation of myth of Maya involving the hero twins. The bat was the animal that decapitated one of the hero twins when they were playing the rubber ball game.
Evidence 2: In Xochicalco we find Red Temple with same high relief architectural style as in El Tajin, this one depicts Tlaloc piercing his genitals and feeding the water people that then walked up on land
-We also have the Feathered Serpent Pyramid, and here we see Flared Cornice, which is a similar architectural style as we see from El Tajin as well
Evidence 3: At the Red Temple in Cacaxtla we find stairway flanked with plumed serpents and Maya scenes, which includes maize plant head with the Maize God as well as the Maya God of Merchants, God L
Evidence 4: At the Pyramid of the Plumed Serpent we see similar architectural style as we see in Maya: flaring cornice, and niches on tabuld tablero
76
The Aztec Templo Mayor and its political and symbolic significance
Evidence 1: Aztec people killed the daughter that they got from the places that they were intermingling (Culhuacan, elites at the time, ancestors to the Toltec, and we know they were ancestors to Toltec because we find the heart-sacrificial statue - located at Templo Mayor) with, and got kicked out and then formed Tenochitlan (in the center of the world)
Evidence 2: Xiuhcoatl, is star caterpillar that is significant in Templo Mayor. This caterpillars are often mislabeled as snakes. These caterpillars are related to shooting stars. Shooting stars and caterpillars were connected to divinity and those who had caterpillar were seen as holy. Furthermore, Huitzilopochtli was born of a star caterpillar.
Evidence 3: 4 barrios and 4 great quarters that divided each section of the Aztec Templo Mayor.
Evidence 4: Eagle on Cactus inscription, famous for being the symbol on the Mexican flag. Eagle on Cactus has mislabeled with a snake in their mouths but the snake is not a snake in the traditional sense, it represents fire and water. Fire and water in the Aztec (Mexica) culture was a sign of war.
77
The relation and traits between Tula and Chichen Itza during the Early postclassic period, including architecture and monumental sculpture
Evidence 1: At Tollan Grande we find evidence, which is the most famous architectural site here with stone columns, we also see an Aztec petroglyph honoring the Quetzalcoatl, which was also the King named Ca Aztl Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl, known as the legendary hero of Tollan who left for Chichen Itza after he got banished by his rival Tezcatlipoca
Evidence 2: Caracol, we see the temple of the wind deity (need more evidence, not sure if this counts), much similar to the wind deity that we see in El Corral in Tollan, and then even earlier during Preclassic in Tuxtla Statuette, in the Tuxlan Mountains, Veracruz
Evidence 3: El Castillo, pyramid that looked similar to the architectural style in Tollan such as: the serpent heads on the stairs
Evidence 4: Temple of the warriors: column figures, on the side we see figurines on all sides around it. See fierce animals eating human hearts, possible a bear on the sides
78
4 )explain the ballgame, including Veracruz and its related stone sculptures.
Ball game:
What: sacrificial decapitation important symbolic theme in ball game
Head is symbolic for the “ball”
We see that they used Yogo (belt) when playing to protect themselves
Ballcourts:
What: symbolic entrances to earth and underworld, place for death and fertility
Sunken and probably ritually flooded to create pools.
Yogo:
What: “yoke ball player belts, to protect their hips
Hacha:
What: axe, put on the belts with a hitch
Palma “
What: palmate stone attached to the belt, not used in the game, too heavy, only used for ritualistic purposes.
Ulama:
What:modern form of rubber ballgame, thanks to the will and effort from the community is what keeps the game alive
Where: Sinaloa (west Mexico)
