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Western MesoAmerica Final > Language and culture final > Flashcards

Language and culture final Flashcards

1
Q

Theoretical principles:

A

Looks for universal principles, it focuses on form and structure, and it works to develop universal, generalizable rules and are not concerned with the effects of social cultural and linguistic behavior

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2
Q

Comparative linguistic perspective:

A

we can trace how a language was developed based on how people lived

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3
Q

*Ferdinande de Saussure:

A

ather of linguistics, argument was that if you want to study a language, you need to bring the language in a separate setting, and a separate language from other languages - study the language isolated, by itself

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4
Q

Language:

A

the language system in the abstract

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5
Q

Parole

A

everyday speech

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6
Q

Noam Chomsky

A
  • Competence: The abstract and usually unconscious knowledge that one has about the rules of language
  • Performance: the putting into practice of the rules
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7
Q
  • However - for the purpose of this class the above section is wrong
  • We like these two:
A

(Katherina Clark and Michael Holquist) Words are socially charged lives… (Alessandro Duranti) language is …not only a mode of thinking….but a form of social action (Language always takes place in a social action - anthropological view, must consider the context in which language takes place)

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8
Q

Anthropology is:

A

1) field based, 2) holistic (the four concentrations, bio, ling, arch, and culture, and 3) comparative

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9
Q

*Comparing:

A

the diversity of what it is to be human and the potential underlying patterns that link us as a species

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10
Q

-Cultural relativity

A

words and language are culturally bound, we cannot generalize

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11
Q

(Boas idea) Field-Work:

A

spending time in another cultural system is the best (and possibly the only) way of gaining an insider’s understanding of that system

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12
Q

Article: Color, do you see what I see?

A
  • Universalists: people see and name color in a similar way
  • Relativists: who believe in a spectrum of experience and who are often offended by the very notion that Westerner’s sense of color might be imposed on the interpretation of other cultures and languages
  • Article: the sound of language:
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13
Q

*Metaphor:

A

s understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another and the concepts that govern our though are not just matters of the intellect. They are govern our everyday functioning, down to the most mundane details

  • We don’t just talk using metaphors, but also at by them
  • Human language, thought, and activity are large metaphorical
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14
Q

Perception

A

response and ignores different types of stimuli

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15
Q

Categorise

A

filter out the unimportant

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16
Q

Relativism

A

understanding each culture for their own definition of color (concept from the article about colour

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17
Q

Language use with Guugu Yimithirr & Kuuk Thaayorree,

A

that it does not matter where in the world you are because you look for north, south, east, and west, geographical language, not egocentric

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18
Q

Environmental determinism

A

*Steven Pinker: argues that geographical features shapes ones language, and the language is merely a reflection of geography

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19
Q

*Linguistic reality, 3 ideas

A
  • 1) Languages are different
  • There is no underlying commonality
  • 2) They are arbitrary systems
  • There are no reasons behind how things were created, no relationship with the material things

*3) Knowing one language does not allow you to predict how another language will categorize and name the world

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20
Q

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

A

never published, but it is commonly known in combination between

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21
Q

*Strong Sapir

A

his is not testable, but argues that Language is a prison, fundamentally different, it is impossible to understand

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22
Q

*Weaker Whorf:

A

language is a room, open the door and you can understand the person with another language
-As such, language is more predispositional rather than determinative since you can understand a situation without word-by-word explanation. Therefore, language does not completely determine but it does affect the predispositional understanding of our previous cognition

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23
Q

Language Thought Cognition

A

are multidirectional, they all influence each other

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24
Q

Hypocognition

A

lack of ideas that you need for talking or thinking about something

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25
Q

*Phonology

A

the study of sound systems in language
-Tip to remember: this is the only one of the words that we need to know (except morphology) with the letter “L,” this “L” is for the “L”anguage

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26
Q

Phonology is divided

A

into Phonetics and Phonemics

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27
Q

-Phonetics:

A

The study of classification of speech and sound, raw ingredients

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28
Q

-Phonemics:

A

To analyse how ways that sound are arranged, how the ingredients are cooked

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29
Q

-People inside of a culture

A

tend to think about their language in terms of Phonemics, while outsiders tend to think in terms of Phonetics

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30
Q

Morphology

A

the analysis of words and how they are structured

-Tip to remember: “morph” - something is morphing/something is being structured

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31
Q

Morpheme:

A

smallest unit of meaning of a language, which has roots & stems

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32
Q

-Roots:

A

can’t be broken down any further (example “fish”)

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33
Q

-Stems:

A

can have additional affixes attached to them (example “fish-es”)

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34
Q

*Syntax:

A

the study of the structure of sentences

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35
Q

*Semantics:

A

The study of meaning in languages

-Tip to remember: “man” is close to “m(e)an,” which is for the meaning of languages

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36
Q

*Pragmatics:

A

the study of language use

Tip to remember: “Pra” stands for “Pra”ctice, how language is being used in practical ways

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37
Q

Phone:

A

which is the smallest unit of sound in a language

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38
Q

*Phoneme:

A

a speech sound that distinguishes one word from another

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39
Q

Utterance:

A

a succession of phones that make up a stretch of speech

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40
Q

Phonetic chart:

A

is used to understand every language in the world

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41
Q

Allophones

A

different languages have different allophones, different ways of pronouncing phones

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42
Q

Emic:

A

culture can be described from insider’s perspective

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43
Q

Etic:

A

can be described from an outsider’s perspective

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44
Q

Allomorph:

A

is a variant form of morpheme

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45
Q

Prefixes:

A

attaches to the front of a word

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46
Q

Suffixes

A

attached to the back of the word

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47
Q

Infixes:

A

attaches in the middle of the word, abso - bloody - lutely

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48
Q

Circumfixes:

A

attaches both at the beginning and at the end, en-light-en

49
Q

*Reduplication

A

added quality, easy-piecy

50
Q

Portmanteau

A

combination of two words, hangry

51
Q

*Syntaxes:

A

-Grammatical genders: gives gender to certain words, “mother earth”

  • Substitution frames: can substitute words, but it still makes sense
  • Case: based on its position in a sentence, it talks about how words are being structured (need clarification)
52
Q

Perspective:

A

provides a “proper” order of how to speak

53
Q

Descriptive:

A

describes a language structure on its own terms

54
Q

*Generative:

A

generates all possible sentences of a language, “deep structure”

55
Q

*Chomsky:

A

All humans learn to speak

-Without being taught in schools, eventually all humans learn to speak

56
Q

-Speed of acquisition

A

By age 7 all children have basic language proficiency

57
Q

Critical-age hypothesis

A

Talks about the critical age from when you are more receptive to learn a language, for example age 2-3

58
Q

Poverty of stimulus

A

Even though children are raised in a mono-linguistic culture, and the amount of stimulus is limited, children still have the potential to learn the full length of another language from their environment

59
Q

Universal Grammar

A

a certain set of structural rules are innate in humans that works independent from sensory systems

60
Q

Broca’s area:

A

is linked to speech production and grammar, and if you have this part damaged you can struggle with understanding grammar

61
Q

Wernicke’s Area:

A

linked to speech, grammar makes sense, but the meaning does not

62
Q

Charles F. Hocket

A

Talks about the design features of language
-On the list of features of languages, all animals can communicate with feature between 1-9, but humans are the only animal that can also communicate from 10-13

63
Q

Semiotics

A

study of signs

64
Q

Paralinguistic:

A

are the aspects of spoken communication that do not involve words. These may add emphasis or shades of meaning to what people say. Some definitions limit this to verbal communication that is not words.

65
Q

-Prosody:

A

Studies how something is said rather than what is being said, by looking at voice qualities (loudness of tone, pitch, speed, rhythm, vocal modifications) and vocal segregates: uhm-mmh, mhmh, aha

66
Q

Ideophones

A

words that represents sounds like: kapow, pow, kablam, bam, and slurp

67
Q

Speech substitutes:

A

For example whistling and drumming

68
Q

Silence:

A

or just by being silent as we see in the article about the Apache (final exam question, see the end of this document)

  • Times when Apache are silent:
    1. Meeting strangers, 2.Courting, 3.Children coming home, 4.Getting cussed out (crazy), and 5.Being with people who are sad
69
Q

Proxemics:

A

The study of cultural patterns and spatial separation that individuals maintain in face-to-face interactions, which is tied to history, politics, and culture

70
Q

Kinesics

A

The study of body movements and facial expressions

71
Q

Kinemes:

A

meaningful unit of visual expression

Gestures

72
Q

Iconics: types of gestures

A

iconically describing what is being described verbally, for example, Thumbs up

73
Q

Metaphorics: types of gestures

A

representation of more abstract things concepts

74
Q

Deictics: types of gestures

A

pointing or indexing

75
Q

Beats: types of gestures

A

for example snapping your fingers

76
Q

Oculesics:

A

study of eye movement

77
Q

The functions of eye contact are:

A
  • Regulating interactions
  • Monitoring interactions
  • Conveying information
  • Establishing interpersonal connections
78
Q

Five key methodological principles of cross cultural comparative interaction studies:

A

1) Ecologically valid,
2) ethnographically enriched,
3) Empirically grounded,
4) Multi-modal, and 5) Comparable

79
Q

Cross cultural comparisons and multimodality

A
  • Conversational structure: response times, turn taking of when to speak differs, and there are cues for when to speak
  • Turn taking: not simply by spoken elements, but complex model of moves, such as: lip movement & eyebrow flash
  • Repair: dealing with problems when speaking, interjection’s intonation might be falling or rising when you speak: “huuuuuuh?” (rising at the end)
80
Q

Nonverbal communication:

A

Nonverbal communication is usually accompanying verbal communication

  • Can substitute verbal communication
  • Can contradict verbal communication
  • Can complement verbal communication
  • Can accent verbal communication
  • Can regulate verbal communication
81
Q

Multilingualism

A

Pathological view of multilingualism: is that if they speak more than one language the people must suffer from a biological illness (old mentality), Nazi view on bilingual jews

82
Q

Loyalty

A

speaking more languages than English is a sign that they are not loyal to the nation

83
Q

Class of consciousness:

A

when code switching and having multiple languages that must be a sign of schizophrenia

84
Q

The probability of the third-generation

A

speakers are speaking a language outside English is higher when:
1) Endogamy, a second generational bilingual person marries another second generational person bilingual person and

2) Community, that they reside in a community that speaks another language than English

85
Q

Diglossia

A

two languages ( or two varieties) are used under different conditions by a singe language community.
L Low “vernacular” language
H high “ official” language

86
Q

Triglossia:

A

The coexistence of three closely related native languages or dialects among a certain population.

Triglossia in most African countries

The official language
LWC (a Language of Wider Communication), usually a former colonial language
Administration and national communication

The (regional) Lingua Franca
a common language between speakers whose native languages are different
Inter-ethnic communication and integration

Local language
For intra-ethnic communication and solidarity
most African languages belong to the category of deprived languages, not being used for important social functions

87
Q

Lingua Franca/ Ethonoglossia:

A

the expressive power of language it commutative strength determined by the number of functions it performs

88
Q

Register

A

linguistic repertoire that is associated with particular social practices and with persons who engage in such practices

89
Q

Language switch

A

Heteroglossia: the multiplicity of social tinged ways of speaking in any given society

Code switching : use of two or more languages varieties in the same speech even or exchange.

indexicality : The process of creating a link between semioc form, indexing identity, occurrence in context.

Code mixing (fused lects): shiting that occurs in mid sentence or even mid word

90
Q

Article: They speak really bad english down south and in new york

A

Higher-status groups impose their behaviors (including language) on others, claiming theirs are the standard ones.
The standard variety is selected through purely social processes and has not one with more logic, historical consistency, communicative expressivity, or internal complexity or systematicity than any other variety.

91
Q

Modernist Assumptions about language

A

Language as a stable entity with clear boundaries, with a historically continuous relationship to its speakers

92
Q

Idiolect -

A

An individual’s speech variety
Voice identity – one’s idiosyncratic combination of voice quality (timbre), pronunciation, grammatical usage, and choice of words

93
Q

Style -

A

The distinctive manner in which people express themselves in a particular situation
Lexical, phonological, morphological, and syntactic

94
Q

Dialect

A

A form of language/speech used by members of a regional, ethnic, or social group
Dialects that are mutually intelligible belong to the same language
E.g. familect

95
Q

Regional dialect

A

No inherent feature makes a language variety “standard”

Most applaud one’s own language variety; sometimes denigrate that of others

“Standard” is a stylistic/dialectic variety of speech is used on formal occasions, and carries social prestige

96
Q

Great divide assumptions

A 
Literate vs. oral ( illiterate) 
Prehistory vs. history 
civilized vs primitive 
Scientific vs mythological 
Logical vs. prelogical
97
Q

Problems of the autonomous model-ignoring structural contexts

A

Women’s low literacy rate caused poor health of their children?
India’s health management in the 1970s ignored the role of structural poverty

98
Q

Problems of the autonomous model-ignoring local meanings of literacy

A

The UNESCO program in the 1960s oriented functional literacy campaign
“Literacy ≈ functional
“traditional” mentality to “modern” mentality

99
Q

Literacy events

A

Written language is integral to communications and their interpretive processes and strategies

100
Q

Literacy practices

A

Not specific, observable occurrences, but general norms, routines, habits regarding how written texts tend to be produced, interpreted, or discussed

101
Q

Literacy and nationalism

A

The autonomous model The development of mass literacy gave rise to the modern nation state

The arrival of Islam and Christianity has a negative impact in the literacy rates, particularly among women

102
Q

Gender issues in literacy

A

generally in the Third World countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America

Fewer girls go to schools than boys
They remain shorter time in schools than boys

103
Q

Anthropological studies on literacy

A

Hispanic women in Los Angeles seen “illiterate” by the men in their lives

104
Q

practice theory – an anthropological approach Pierre Bourdieu

A

Language as an instrument of action and power
Habitus – predispositions/habits shaped by social structures
Symbolic capital The amount of prestige a person holds acting within a certain set of social structures
What literacy actually means
Which literacies are developed in which contexts
How oral and written languages are related

105
Q

Performance

A

Entextualization – Performers mark their speech with devices such as repetition, rhyme, changes in vocal quality, and the use of certain expressions (proverbs, parables)

106
Q

Intersubjectivity

A

Everyday talk proceeds on a turn-by-turn basis, and interactions are built up incrementally, sequentially, and interactionally

failed humor
Multivocality (heteroglossia)

107
Q

Metacommunication-

A

Communication that indicates how verbal information should be interpreted; s

108
Q

Multivocality

A

Keith Basso’s (1979) case of Western Apache’s joke imitating behavior that they attribute to white American culture and consider rude and offensive

109
Q

Epitomization

A

portraying one’s characters so as to make them appear ludicrous and ridiculous

110
Q

Superiority theory

A

Both the maker of the joke and the audience simultaneously consider themselves superior to the butt of the joke. (subversive force)

111
Q

Inferiority theoy

A

Joke intimacy – displaying mutual humanity helps achieve humor

112
Q

Play theory

A

Jokes are fictions that allow people to mentally inhabit imaginary worlds

113
Q

Relief theory

A

A mental shift occurs from a tricky puzzle to silly confusion, so to laugh to vent the energy

114
Q

Incongruity theory

A

Humor lies in the incongruity found in the joke, the funny picture, in the imitation, etc.

115
Q

Cleverness theory

A

In the joke world, people do something that demonstrates a cognitive virtue

116
Q

Digital media

A 
Don’t dictate behavior
 Allow a person with 4 affordances 
Modularity
 Modifiability 
Archivability 
Accessibility
117
Q

Social Media

A 
Sites and services that allow participants to create and share their own content, including social network sites, video sharing sites, blogging and microblogging platforms
 Multimodality
Reappropriation
 Resonance
Collectivism
 Spread
118
Q

Why social media?- Entertainment and sociality

A

Shrinking social landscape (parental regulations, less free time, limited geographic freedom, etc.
New opportunities to participate in public life, not with a completely new identity but with various personas

119
Q

Networked Public: The imagined community that emerges as a result of the intersection of people, technology, and practice

A

Persistence: the durability of online expressions and content;
Visibility:the potential audience who can bear witness;
spreadability : the ease with which content can be shared,
searchability : the ability to find content

Western MesoAmerica Final (2 decks)

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