Western Europe

Question 1

What were crusades for and who carried them?

Answer 1

To gain back holy land from the Muslims and Christian political and religious leaders

Question 2

Large Churches and purpose

Answer 2

Cathedrals viewed as representation of the city of god

Question 3

What style emerged

Answer 3

Gothic as the church gained more money

Question 4

Flying buttress

Answer 4

Arch support built on the outside of walls

Question 5

Which pope called for a holy war and why

Answer 5

Pope Urban || to gain control of the Holy Land

Question 6

Goals of the crusades

Answer 6

-Reclaim Holy Land (Palestine) and reunite Christendom
-Saw it as an opportunity to get rid of knights who threatened the peace of kingdoms
-Younger sons looked for land and a position in society
-Merchants profited by making cash loans

Question 7

Crusade #1

Answer 7

Pope Urban || rallied 3 armies of knights and all classes outside of Constantinople. They were ill-prepared but captured Jerusalem and gained a narrow strip of land

Question 8

Crusade #2

Answer 8

Organized to recapture city of Edessa but we’re defeated. Jerusalem also fell to a Kurdish warrior and Muslim leader names Saladin

Question 9

Crusade #3

Answer 9

Led by 3 European Monarchs one of which was Richard the Lion-Hearted. Richard fought Saladin for holy land but in the end they signed a truce.

Question 10

Crusade #4

Answer 10

Failed to capture Jerusalem and the knights didn’t reach Holy Land but instead looted Constantinople

Question 11

Afterwards how many more crusades were there and what were the affects?

Answer 11

4 more and they all failed which this led to religious spirits fading and search for personal gain increased

Question 12

Spanish crusades

Answer 12

Moors controlled most of Spain. Reconquista, effort by Spanish to push Muslims out of Spain (also pushed Jews out). Isabella and Ferdinand used inquisition to unify Spain under Christianity

Question 13

Moors?

Answer 13

Muslims

Question 14

Inquisition

Answer 14

Court used by church to defeat heresy (heretics were people whose religious beliefs differed from church teachings)

Question 15

Charles V

Answer 15

Expanded Spanish empire under his rule. Became elected Holy Roman Emperor; devout Catholic. Opposed Muslims and Lutherans. Retired to a monastery and divided his empire among his sons

Question 16

Effects of the Crusades

Answer 16

-Strengthened Monarchs because of taxation due to Crusades
-Caused disillusionment between popes and nobles who fought crusades against fellow Christian’s (Popes vs Nobles)
-Stimulated Trade through Med sea and Middle East
-Left and legacy of bitterness among Christian’s, Jews, and Muslims
-Weakened by the Byzantine Empire

Question 17

Changes in Medieval Society (Agriculture)

Answer 17

After invasion life was more peaceful and this increased the population.
-climate changed making it better for farming
-More land was devoted to crops (crop rotation)
2 fields were planted and the third was resting for a year, called the 3 field system
-Better Technology (used wind and water instead of human labor)
-plows

Question 18

How did better agriculture help?

Answer 18

As more food was planted they had more to eat which helped resist diseases

Question 19

Where was education confined?

Answer 19

Education was largely confined to the clergy during the Middle Ages

Question 20

What were the affects from trade increasing?

Answer 20

-New trading companies and banks were created to manage
-The demand for gold and silver coins increased leading the money economy to develop
-Guilds formed

Question 21

What are guilds?

Answer 21

Craftspeople organized themselves into groups, specializing in a certain product

Question 22

What did clergy’s preserve

Answer 22

Ancient literature in monasteries in the East and West

Question 23

Importance of church scholars

Answer 23

-The few who could read and write used Latin
-worked in monasteries
-translated Greek and Arabic works into Latin
-new knowledge in philosophy, science, medicine available in Europe
-rise of universities

Question 24

Vernacular and it’s contributes

Answer 24

The everyday language, Spanish, French, English, German. The Canterbury tales, and Chanson de grate (heroic epic), or the song of Roland

Question 25

William the conqueror

Answer 25

-Or William the Duke of Normandy (France).
-Cousin of king Edward (England)
-leader of Norman conquest (into England)
-united most of England after Battle of Hastings

Question 26

Henry ||

Answer 26

-Descendant of William the conqueror
-added a land in Normandy and England
-strengthened royal courts
-Common law

Question 27

Common Law

Answer 27

Englands royal judges formed a unified body of law that has formed the basis for law for many English-Speaking countries