Western Civilization Industrialization and Roman Romanticism Study Guide Flashcards
It was widely believed that the _______ __________ began after ___
Industrial Revolution; 1750
Britain’s emergence as teh first industrial power was aided by: _____ ______ _____, _____ _ _____ ready supply of domestic and colonial markets, and developed financial system.
rapid population growth; surplus of labor
The _____ ________ in Britain was largely inspired by _______ __________.
Industrial Revolution; aggressive entrepreneurs
_______ _________ invented the water frarme spinning machine.
Richard Arkwright
Britain’s ______ ______ ______ was the first industry to industrialize.
Cotton textile industry
_____ was the power behind steam engines during the first ______ ________.
Coal; Industrial Revolution
In the late 1700’s, Britain’s ___ ______ imports ________ dramatically.
raw cotton; increased
Factory owners instituted a life of _____ _________ and the rigors of __________ ____ labor.
Harsh discipline; competitive wage
_________ ________ were the way to discipline very young boys and girls working in new _______ industries
Repeated beatings; British
Workers lost their means of production and could only sell their _____ for a wage as a result of _______________.
labor; Industrialization
The newly built _______ ______ held Britian’s _____ __________ of 1851
Crystal Palace; Great Exhibition
To protect its __________ _______, Britain prohibited insutrail artisans from going abroad.
industrial monopoly
On the _________ _________, government played a ______ role in Continental industrialization.
European Continent; larger
By 1850, the ______ _____ and _______ ______ were closing the gap with Great Britain. Russia had not
United States; Western Europe
American Industrialization was a _______-______ endeavor because there was a _______ pool of unskilled laborers in the United States.
capital-intensive; larger
The ________ system ______ costs ad revolutionized production through labor-saving innovations inmanufacturing
American; reduced
The _________ population explosion was attributable to the disappearance of ______ from Western Europe.
European; famine
The ______ of the _______ crop in _______ resulted in the Great Hunger
failure; potato; Ireland
19.
19.
_____ _______ advocated modern sanitary reforms that resulted in Britains first Public Health Act.
Edwin Chadwick
The new industrial entrepreneurial class was mostly resourceful individuals with ______ ____ _______.
diverse social backgrounds
_____ labor in the Industrial Age did nothing to change traditional female working patterns
Women
The _______ _____ ____ of 1834 established workhouses where jobless poor people were forced to live
English Poor Act
The Industrial Revolution resulted in the: betterment of the middle classes, a ______ disparity between the ______ and the ______ classes in society, and eventually led to an overall _____ in purchasing power for the working class
increased; richest; poorest; increase
The ________ were artisans who destroyed industrial machines that destroyed their livelihood.
Luddites
Efforts at industrial reform in the 1830’s and 1840’s in _____ _______ did not achieve establishment of a ________ _____ of _____ ______ by 1847
Great Britain; national system of trade unions
Romanticism was characterized by:
- a strong, pantheistic worship of nature
- preoccupation with sentiment
- suffering
- self-sacrifice
- reverence for history that inspired nationalism
- a reaction to the excesses of the Industrial Revolution
______ ______ argued that historical events were largely determined by the deeds of ______ heroes who transformed society,
Thomas Carlyle; Romantic
The ________ ________ can be viewed as a reaction against the ___________’s preoccupation with reason
Romantic Movement; Enlightenment
______ was the most important form of Romantic literary expression
Poetry
Romantic artists focused on ________ and ______ of ___________ in their art
landscapes; depiction of nature
___-______ buildings exhibited the nineteenth-century revival of medieval architecture
Neo-Gothic
Romanticism in art and music was well characterized by the compositions of ________.
Beethoven
Turner’s paintings were described as “____ _____, painted with ____ _____”.
airy visions; tinted steam
Religion in the age of Romanticism experienced a ________ revival, in places like _______.
Catholic; Germany
The lower classes remained in poverty despite the emergence of the late nineteenth-century _____ ________.
mass society
By 1900, ______ had emergence as a leader in _______, controlling __ percent of the market.
Germany; dyestuffs; 90
The Second Industrial Revolution saw the advent of ______.
steel
________ became the new energy source that drove the Second Industrial Revolution.
Electricity
_____ _____ revolutionized the car industry with the mass production of the _____ _.
Henry Ford; Model T
In a cartel, independent enterprises worked together to _____ prices and _____ production
control; fix
Industrialization in _____ was a result of government planning and initiative.
Japan
In late nineteenth-century Europe, _____ competition for foreign markets and growing importance of domestic demand for economic development led to a strong reaction against free trade and imposition of steep protective tariffs by most nations.
increased
“_____” jobs for women involved subcontracting of piecework, usually in tailoring trades
Sweating
During the SIR, _______-____ ________ emphasized the gender role of women as housewives
working-class organizations
_____ migrations to cities by country women and their increasingly desperate struggle for urban economic survival led to a rise in _____ ________in European cities
Heavy; female prostitution
The state with the most successful _______ party in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century was ________.
socialist; Germany
An issue that united all socialists together in the nineteenth century was the desire to improve ______ and ______ ______ for most workers.
working; living conditions
______ ________ believed that socialism could best be achieved through the democratic process
Eduard Bernstein
The ___ _____ __________ prior to WWI, varied from country to country, but was generally allied with socialists parties.
Trade Union Movement
Initially, trade unions in the first half of the nineteenth-century function primarily as ___ ___ _______.
Mutual aid societies
Ealry ________ believed that violence was the best means of achieving true freedom
anarchists
