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Pre-Clinical Exam Prep > Western > Flashcards

Western Flashcards

1
Q

how many bones are in the body?

A

206

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2
Q

how many cervical bones and cervical nerves?

A

7 cervical vertebrae
8 cervical nerves

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3
Q

floating ribs:
how many? how many pairs? which ones?

A

11th and 12th rib
2 pairs
4 ribs

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4
Q

true ribs

A

are connected directly to the sternum

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5
Q

false ribs

A

connected by cartilage to the 7th rib
-8th, 9th, 10th rib

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6
Q

carpal bones: names and how many

A

8 carpal bones
Scaphoid,
lunate,
triquetrum,
pisiform
Trapezium,
trapezoid,
capitate,
hamate

Some Lovers Try Positions That They Cannot Handle

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7
Q

how many metacarpal bones?

A

5

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8
Q

how many phalange bones?

A

14
(each finger has 3, thumb has 2)

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9
Q

largest bone?

A

femur

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10
Q

medial malleolus is connected to?

A

tibia

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11
Q

lateral malleolus is connected to?

A

fibula

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12
Q

how many tarsal bones? and names

A

7
talus
Calcaneus
Navicular
medial cuneiform
intermediate cuneiform
lateral cuneiform
Cuboid

Tiger Cubs Need MILC

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13
Q

how many metatarsal bones

A

5

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14
Q

how many toe bones

A

14

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15
Q

the bone named vemur is located where?

A

nose bridge

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16
Q

the two floating bones are:

A

hyoid
pisiform (wrist)

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17
Q

head of the clavicle?

A

acromion

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18
Q

head of sternum?

A

manubrium

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19
Q

head of ulna?

A

olecranon

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20
Q

head of femur?

A

great trochanter

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21
Q

strongest muscle

A

soleus

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22
Q

rotator cuff muscles
names and quantity

A

4
SITS

supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis

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23
Q

flow of blood

A
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24
Q

cranial nerves

A
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25
Q

growth hormone (gh)

A

-from anterior pituitary
-in muscle
-in adipose tissue

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26
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

from ant. pituitary to thyroid, releases:
–thyroxin = (t3/t4, metabolism)
–calcitonin

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27
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A

-from anterior pituitary

adrenal cortex releases:
1. mineralocorticoids (aldosterone, reabsorbs Na, if Na stays so does water, and BP raises)
2. glucocorticoids (cortisol–anti inflammatory, breaks down carbs and lipids,)
3. androgens (sex hormones - testosterone, estrogen)

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28
Q

Oxytocin

A

-posterior pituitary
-baby delivery
-cxn of uterus
-bonding after birth

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29
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

-posterior pituitary
- anti-diuretic (prevents urination when BP is low)

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30
Q

melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

-intermediate
-melanocytes, skin, skin produces melanin

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31
Q

Epinephrine

A

-adrenal medulla
- BP increases, pupils dilate, fight or flight response, increase blood sugar levels

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32
Q

Norepinephrine

A

-adrenal medulla
- maintains normal blood sugar, sleep, wake cycles, mood, memory

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33
Q

endocrine vs exocrine

A

endocrine = hormones
exocrine = enzymes

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34
Q

calcitonin effect on osteoclasts

A

calcitonin inhibits osteoclasts, lowers blood calcium

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35
Q

parathyroid effect on osteoclasts

A

parathyroid promotes osteoclasts, increases blood calcium

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36
Q

glucagon is released from ____ cells in the _____during ____

A

alpha cells in the pancreas
during fasting/starving

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37
Q

insulin is released from ____ cells in the ____ during _____

A

beta cells in the pancreas
during overeating

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38
Q

somatostatin is released from ____ and does what?

A

pancreas
inhibits the two other hormones (insulin and glucagon)

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39
Q

glycogen

A

stored sugar (liver and muscles)

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40
Q

glucagon

A

breaks down sugar and converts glycogen to glucose, increases blood sugar

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41
Q

insulin

A

converts glucose to glycogen, lowers blood sugar

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42
Q

glycogenolysis

A

done by glucagon

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43
Q

glycogenesis

A

done by insulin

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44
Q

erythropoetin

A

a hormone released by kidney to promote production of RBCs

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45
Q

Calcitriol

A

hormone released from kidney, regulates calcium, reabsorbs remaining Ca in intestines

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46
Q

Renin

A

enzyme from kidney that raises BP

RAA (renin angiotensin aldosterone) = how kd is involved in BP regulation,

activates chain rx–adrenal cortex releases aldosterone

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47
Q

Pineal gland secretes

A

melatonin for circadian rhythm

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48
Q

4 hormones that increase blood sugar

A

epinephrine
norepinephrine
cortisol
glucagon

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49
Q

skin

A

vitamin d
&
melanin

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50
Q

heart is bw which ribs?

A

3rd-5th ICS

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51
Q

where are the kidneys? which is lower?

A

t12-l3
right is sl lower bc of liver (left is sl higher)

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52
Q

dermatomes: on hand

A

c6
c7
c8

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53
Q

dermatome c6:

A

to the thumb

54
Q

dermatome c7:

A

index finger, middle finger, half of ring finger

55
Q

dermatome c8:

A

other half of ring finger, pinkie finger

56
Q

dermatome L4:

A

front of knee

57
Q

dermatome S 1 and 2:

A

hamstrings/back of legs

58
Q

RUQ

A

liver
GB
right kidney
head of pancreas
duodenum

59
Q

LUQ

A

stomach
spleen
body of pancreas
left kidney

60
Q

RLQ

A

appendix
right ovary
right ureter
caecum

61
Q

LLQ

A

descending colon
sigmoid colon
left ovary and tube
left ureter

62
Q

coronal/frontal view

A

divides front and back

63
Q

sagital/lateral view

A

divides left and right

64
Q

transverse/axial view

A

divides above and below

65
Q

Cranial Nerve I

A

-olfactory
-sensory nerve
-smell

66
Q

Cranial Nerve II

A

-optic
-sensory nerve
-vision and pupillary reaction

67
Q

Cranial Nerve III

A

-oculomotor
-motor nerve
-innervates muscles that move eyeball, also pupillary action (dilate/constrict)
-controls most eye muscles
-PERRLA (pupils equal round reaction to light accomodation) –follow pen left, right, up, down

68
Q

cranial nerve IV

A

-trochlear
-motor nerve
-lateral and downward movement of eye
-test: follow pen with eyes

4

69
Q

cranial nerve V

A

-trigeminal
-both motor and sensory nerve
-main sensory nerve of face and mouth
-motor: controls muscles of the jaw, chewing
-clench jaw, stroke check

5

70
Q

cranial nerve VI

A

-abducens
-motor nerve
-lateral movement of eye
-follow pen with eyes moving out to side

6

71
Q

cranial nerve VII

A

-facial
-both sensory and motor
-sensory: anterior 2/3 of tongue taste receptors. motor: muscles of facial expression
-bell’s palsy
-ask patient to smile/frown

7

72
Q

cranial nerve VIII

A

-vestibulocochlear
-sensory nerve
-hearing and equilibrium
-romberg’s test (feet together, eyes closed), ask about hearing changes

(8–like 2 ears together)

73
Q

cranial nerve IX

A

-glossopharyngeal
-both motor and sensory
-motor: swallow, parotid (salivary) gland
-sensory: posterior 1/3 of tongue, bitter taste
-gag reflecx, say “aah” should see uvula rise

9

74
Q

cranial nerve X

A

-vagus
-both sensory and motor nerve
-innervation of pharynx, larynx, visceral organs, abdomen; most of parasympathetic nervous system
-gag reflex, ask patient to swallow, hyoid bone should move

-longest nerve, only one to come out of skull

10

75
Q

cranial nerve IX

A

-accessory
-motor nerve
-posture, innervates larynx, pharynx, traps and SCM
-shrug shoulders, rotate head against resistance

11

76
Q

cranial nerve XII

A

-hypoglossal
-motor nerve
-innervates tongue muscles
-impairment=inarticulate speech,
-stick out tongue, move up/down/left/right

12

77
Q

double vision

A

4
trochlear (2x2=4)

78
Q

water soluble vitamins

A

B
C

79
Q

fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, K

80
Q

calcium deficiency =

A

hyperflexia

81
Q

magnesium deficiency =

A
82
Q

Sodium deficiency =

A

lack of water

83
Q

iron & deficiency

A

-required for oxygen transport

-xu: anemia, fatigue, weakness, anorexia, pica, hair loss, best absorbed w vitamin c

84
Q

iodine & deficiency

A

-required for thyroid hormones

-xu: goiter, hypothyroidism

85
Q

vitamin A
retinol
beta carotene

& deficiency

A

-required for vision, growth/dvlpmnt of skeletal and epithelial tissue, maintain integrity of mucous membranes required for immune system, hormone synthesis in reproductive system

xu: night blindness, dry eyes, keritinization of cornea cells, respiratory infections, reduced immunity, diarrhea, hyperkeratosis, loss of tooth enamel, loss of bone mass

86
Q

vitamin b12
cyano- or methyl - cobalamin

and deficiency

A

-required for integrity of myelin sheath, used in carbohydrate metabolism

-xu: pernicious anemia, peripheral neuropathy, fatigue, depression, confusion, memory loss, glossitis, impaired WBCs

87
Q

vitamin c
ascorbic acid

& deficiency

A

-collagen synthesis, major antioxidant, regulate immune system, helps absorb iron, aids steroid hormone and norepinephrine synthesis, acts as antihistamine

-xu: scurvy, bleeding gums, listlessness, poor wound healing, easy bruising, muscle cramps, dry skin

88
Q

vitamin d (d3)
cholecalciferol

ergosterol (d2)

and deficiency

A

-increase absorb of calcium in ints & resorption of ca in bones

xu: rickets, osteomalacia

89
Q

vitamin e
tocopherol

& deficiency

A
  • antioxidant

-dry skin, easy bruising
(all skin related)

90
Q

vitamin k
phylloquinone

& deficiency

A

-important clotting co factor
helps prevent kd stones

-hemorrhagic dz of newborn, easy bleeding, osteoporosis

91
Q

trisomy 21

A

down syndrome
triple chromosomes on 21, instead of double
total 47 chromosomes

92
Q

chromosomes

A

46 total
23 from each parent
22 autosomes, 1 is sex chromosome

93
Q

DNA

A

adenine – thymine

cytosine – guanine

94
Q

RNA

A

adenine – uracil

guanine –cytosine

95
Q

cell atrophy:

A

decrease in cell size, like in disuse, denervation, decreased nutrition, or ischemia

96
Q

cell hypertrophy:

A

increase in cell size (normal or pathogenic)

97
Q

cell hyperplasia:

A

increase in cell number (normal or pathogenic)

98
Q

cell metaplasia:

A

changing of one adult cell type to another
(scarring, cancer)

99
Q

cell dysplasia:

A

deranged growth of cells, varies in size/shape, may be reversible may be cancer

100
Q

cell anaplasia:

A

reversal of differentiation in cells
characteristic of malignant tumors

101
Q

hypoxia:

A

insufficient Oxygen in tissues; disrupts ability to make ATP,

less O in blood

102
Q

ischemia:

A

enough O in blood, but clots block O from arriving to tissues

impaired O supply, impaired removal of metabolic end by products – acid accumulation can cause cellular death

103
Q

gangrene

A

often in diabetic patients, large area of cell death

104
Q

necrosis

A

death of body tissue

105
Q

macrophages

A

cleaners

expel as pus

106
Q

RBCs:

A

anucleus
bioconcave
*no mitochondria
live 120 days
contain hemoglobin (O and red color)
carry oxygen and CO2

107
Q

iron deficiency anemia

A

shows as microcytic, hypochromic, most common form of anemia

108
Q

universal blood donor type

A

type O-

109
Q

universal blood recipient type

A

AB+

110
Q

WBC normal range

A

5,000-10,000/mL

above= inflammation
below= poor immunity

111
Q

granulocytes

A

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

WBCs

112
Q

neutrophils

A

bacteria and fungi

113
Q

basophils

A

chronic inflammation, iron deficiency

114
Q

eosinophils

A

allergic reactions and parasitic infections

115
Q

monocytes

A

innate and adaptive immunity
elevated with malignancy

116
Q

lymphocytes

A

elevates due to viral infection

117
Q

besides a, b, ab, and o, what other blood type is there?

A

rh- and rh+
84-99% is rh+

118
Q

hallmarks of acute inflammation

A

swelling
redness
heat
pain

119
Q

innate immunity

A

natural resistance at time of birth, includes skin, mucous membranes, phagocytes, NK, cells

120
Q

adaptive/acquired immunity

A

gained over experience
passive= natural, like through breastfeeding or induced like in an anti-serum injection
passive is short term immunity

active=natural (had condition and overcame it) or induced (vaccines)
active in long lasting immunity

two types: humoral (B cells) and cell-mediated (T cells) (lymphocytes)

121
Q

humoral immunity

A

B cells are produced in bone marrow and stored in lymph nodes and spleen

have specific receptors for antigen recognition, mature into plasma cells that then create antibodies

122
Q

humoral immunity

IgM

A

FIRST immunoglobulin to respond (M=immediate)
has more binding sites, nonspecific, first type made my newborns

123
Q

humoral immunity

IgG

A

2nd to appear
predominant type
specific, long lasting

crosses placenta

passive immunity to fetus

(g=gestational)

124
Q

humoral immunity

IgA

A

primary defense against local infections in mucosal tissues (ex: colostrum)

125
Q

humoral immunity

IgE

A

specific to inflammation

allergy & parasite

triggers histamine response

126
Q

humoral immunity

IgD

A

helps signal B cell activation, may have role in some allergic rxns or respiratory immunity

least common

127
Q

allergies:

type I

A

Allergy (immediate)

onset: within a min or late phase 2-4 hrs

ex: food/drug/insect allergies, atopy, anaphylaxis

128
Q

allergies:

type IV

A

cell mediated allergy

onset: 2-3 days

ex: poison ivy, poison oak

129
Q

b12 xu anemia

A

absorbed in SI by intrinsic factors released by stomach

aka pernicious anemia

130
Q

thrombocytes

A

clotting

vitamin k and calcium

Pre-Clinical Exam Prep (10 decks)

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