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Path Quiz 2 > Wen Lu's Chart Summaries for Infections Randomized > Flashcards

Wen Lu's Chart Summaries for Infections Randomized Flashcards

1
Q

What does the proinflammatory cell wall of Streptococcus Pneumoniae induce?

A

TNF and IL-1

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2
Q

What diseases are associated with Acute Suppurative Inflammation?

A

Acute Bacterial PneumoniaEndocarditisPyelonephritisAbdominal Abscess / Appendicitis

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3
Q

What type of inflammation is appendicitis?

A

Acute Suppurative Inflammation

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3
Q

What pattern of cellular response occurs with Cryptococcus neoformans with little inflammation?

A

No toxins, little acute inflammationYeast is eventually phagocytosed in lung macrophagesEventual loose granuloma“Apple jelly” gelatinous appearance in meningesTurns tryptophan into melanin-like substance (brown)

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4
Q

What is the pattern of cellular response to S. Aureus in Endocarditis?

A
  1. Vegetations (bacterial)2. Inflammatory lesion may erode into valve ring >> hemodynamic decompensation >>> deathNote: there are four types of “Vegetations,” including Rheumatic, infectious, Non-bacterial, and Autoimmune
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4
Q

What are the characteristics of Ameobic Dysentery that cause disease?

A

Protozoan with infectious cyst, invasive trophozoiteSurface lectin – adhere to colonic epithelium, invasion, complement resistance

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4
Q

What characteristics of Cryptococcal Meningitis cause disease?

A

Cryptococcus neoformans – encapsulated yeast found with nitrogenous soils, aerosol spreadPolysaccharide capsule – virulence

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5
Q

Why are abdominal abscesses (ex: appendicitis) difficult to treat with drugs? with endogenous immunity?

A
  1. With abdominal abscesses, there is an inactivation or lack of diffusion of antibiotics to the center of the abscess2. No cell surface of ECM for PMN migration to occur
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5
Q

What are the cellular responses to Lung Abscesses and Empyema?

A
  1. Acute suppurative inflammation plus tissue destruction = walled off fibrous cavity with liquified central cavity2. macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells around areas of bacterial growth3. resolution by drainage through bronchus4. scaring, restriction of lung capacity
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6
Q

What is the pattern of cellular response to abdominal abscesses (ex: appendicitis) in acute suppurative inflammation?

A
  1. Full necrosis of bowel wall2. Peritoneal inflammation
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7
Q

What are the characteristics of Pseudomembrenaous Colitis that cause disease?What organism?

A

Clostridium difficile – gram (+), spore-forming, anaerobic bacillusCytotoxin A and B

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7
Q

What illness and inflammation is caused by Plasmodium Falciparum?

A

MalariaLittle inflammation

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8
Q

What is lipoarabinomanan?

A

the M tuberculosis equivalent to LPSIt inhibits macrophage activation, thereby escaping destruction.

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9
Q

What kind of inflammation is caused by Amoebic Dystentery?

A

Necrotizing

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9
Q

What kind of inflammation is caused by Cryptococcal Meningitis?

A

Little inflammation

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11
Q

What illness and inflammation type is Streptococcus pneumoniae associated with?

A

Acute Bacterial PnuemoniaAcute Suppurative Inflammation

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12
Q

What are the mechanisms of pathogenesis for Lung Abscesses and Empyema?

A
  1. Bacteria in respiratory tract2. Recruitment of macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells
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13
Q

What is the pattern of cellular and systemic responses to Schistomiasis?What type of cancer can occur?

A
  1. Pipe-stem fibrosis/scarring of the liver (note: liver cells outside of fibrosis are still intact)2. Portal hypertension3. Ascites4. Hematuria5. Promotion of squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder
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14
Q

How does Salmonella typhi invade humans?

A
  1. fecal oral transmission2. Invades monocyte-macrophage cells where it produces endotoxin and antigens
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14
Q

What type of Inflammation and response are caused by lung abscesses and empyema?

A

Chronic Inflammation and Scarring

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14
Q

What kind of inflammation does Schistomiasis cause?

A

Chronic Inflammation and Scarring

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14
Q

What is the the pattern of cellular response to Ameobic Dystentery Necrotizing Inflammation?

A

Colitis with “flask-shaped” ulcersNo PMNsUlcer, sometimes to base of submucosa, sometimes rupture wall and result in peritonitis

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15
Q

What are the mechanisms that cause disease with Streptococcus Pneumoniae?

A

* has a polysaccharide capsule that prevents phagocytosis* secretes IgA protease with inactivates IgAs* has a proinflammatory cell wall that induces TNF and IL-1

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16
Q

What is the mechanism of pathogenesis for influenza?

A

Wet aerosol droplets (TB can be dry)Hemagluttinin fuses virus to host cellNeuraminidase allows the virus to uncoat

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18
Q

What is the mechanism of pathogenesis for S. Aureus to cause endocarditis?

A
  1. Bacteria deposit on fibrin on valve2. Local destruction of tissue with PMN infiltrate
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19
Q

What is the life cycle of Schistomiasis?

A
  1. People urinate Schistomiasis eggs2. Eggs grow and infect snails3. Change form to infect humans through skin4. Travel into blood stream and mate for life in mesenteric veins5. Eggs are pathogenic
20
Q

What mechanism of pathogenesis is used by Cryptococcal Meningitis?

A

Respiratory infectionDissemination to meninges, bone, skinInsidious and slow onset, chronic meningitis, hydrocephalus

21
Q

What inflammatory response occurs with influenza?

A

Cytopathic/Cytoproliferative

23
Q

Other than pneumonia, what illnesses can Streptococcus Pneumoniae cause?

A

PneumoniaBacteremiaMeningitis

24
Q

What type of virus is flu?What are its main antigens?

A

RNA virus with genetic recombination and antigenic variationHemaglutanin and Neuraminidase

25
Q

What bacteria is common to create a secondary pneumonia from influenza?

A

Staphylococcus Aureus

27
Q

What is the pattern of cellular response in mononuclear inflammation with S. Typhi?

A
  1. Mononuclear (macrophage/lymphocyte) inflammation in Peyer’s patches in intestines, liver, and spleen.2. Nodules of aggregated mononuclear cells with intracellular bacteria3. Typhoid fever = classic sign = rose spots on the abdomen
28
Q

What type of virus is CMV?

A

DNA herpes virusOpportunistic

29
Q

What diseases are associated with…* Mononuclear Inflammation?* Granulomatous Inflammation?* Chronic Inflammation and Scaring?

A

* Mononuclear Inflammation >> Salmonella typhi* Granulomatous Inflammation >> M tuberculosis* Chronic Inflammation and Scaring >> Lung Abscess and Empyema; Schistosomiasis

30
Q

What is the pathogenesis of CMV?

A

Infection of epithelial and endothelial cells (lungs, liver, kidney, CNS, retina)Can have latent infection

30
Q

What mechanism of pathogenesis is used by Plasmodium Falciparum in malaria?

A

Mosquito bite injects parasiteParasite infect RBCs, but matures in liver; parasite breaks out and infects more RBCs, lysis and repeatInfected RBCs bind to endotheliumLocal clogging of small vessels, release of cytokinesOrgan dysfunction

31
Q

What is the pattern of cellular response to CMV?

A

Large intranuclear inclusion within enlarged cellsPneumonia, focal necrosis of many organs, ulceration of intestine“Owls eye” nucleus

33
Q

What kind of bacteria cause appendicitis?

A

mixed bacterial populations with various virulence factors that promot abscess formation

34
Q

What type of microoganism is S. typhi?What are its virulence factors?

A

Intracellular Gram neg bacillusEndotoxinAntigens

36
Q

What are the cellular responses to pyelonephritis?

A
  1. Ascending UTI2. Suppurative infammation in the interstitial and renal tubules3. Papillary necrosis, pyelonephrosis, perinephric abscess
37
Q

What are signature qualities of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis that cause inflammation?(individual questions follow)

A

Acid-fastAerobic intracellular bacteriaGlycolipid factors induce granulomasLipoarabinomanan (which is similar to LPS) inhibits macrophage activation

38
Q

What illnesses are associated with “Little Inflammation?”

A

Cryptococcal MeningitisMalaria

40
Q

What are the two categorical origins of pyelonehritis?

A

Ascending pyelonephritis (from UTI)Bacteremia from blood and glomerulus

41
Q

What is the mechanism of pathogenesis for Ameobic Dysentery?

A

Oral infection by cystBecome trophozoites in intestine and migrate to colonTrophozoites kill PMNs, liquefy tissues to make “sterile abscesses”Travel to other organs (liver, lungs, etc.) or make more cysts

42
Q

What type of inflammation does CMV cause?

A

Cytopathic/Cytoproliferative

43
Q

Are Lung Abscesses and Empyema caused by aerobic or anaerobic bacteria?

A

BothMixed aerobic/anaerobic bacteria are associated with upper respiratory flora

44
Q

Does Mycobacterium tuberculosis bind to acid?

A

Yes.Acid fast = M. tuberculosis

45
Q

What cells and cell signals are involved in Schistomiasis pathogenesis?

A

Eosinophil infiltrate, granulomas, dense fibrosis.IL 4, IL 5, and IL 13 are involvedOver time the acute response becomes chronic

46
Q

What mechanism of pathogenesis is used by Clostridium Difficile?

A
  1. Colonization after disturbance of normal flora2. Produce cytotoxins – kill cells, mucosa3. Adherence of many material to cells
47
Q

What illness and inflammation is caused by Stapylococcus Aureus?

A

EndocarditisAcute suppurative inflammation

48
Q

What are the steps in pathogenesis for M. Tuberculosis?

A
  1. taken into macrophages2. multiply in non-acidified phagosomes3. delayed-type hypersensitivity (CD4 stimulates TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma)4. macrophage activation and granuloma formation
49
Q

What type of Kidney disease and inflammation does E. Coli cause?What type of bacteria is E coli?

A

PyelonephritisAcute suppurative inflammationEnteric Gram neg rod

51
Q

What is the pattern of cellular response for M. tuberculosis in granulomatous inflammation?

A
  1. granuloma formation2. caseation necrosis3. liquifaction4. tissue destruction and hemorrhage
53
Q

What is the mechanism of ascending pyelonephritis?

A
  1. adherence of E. coli to the urinary epithelium2. Colonization of the urethra3. Ascending UTIs
54
Q

What do the lungs look like with influenza pneumonia?

A

fluffy, dispersed, not lobular

55
Q

What is the pattern of cellular response to Streptococcus pneumoniae or in any Acute Bacterial Pneumonia with Acute Suppurative Inflammation?

A
  1. PMNs recruited2. Edema3. Acute inflammation: PMNs, Platelets, Complement and Coagulation4. Consolidation of the lungs: tissue becomes red/grey hepatization5. Resolution: macrophage clean up6. Lobar pneumonia mid lung
56
Q

What are characteristics and steps of infection of Typhoid fever?

A

Bacteremiauclerationbleeding in the bowelsrisk of bowel perforationdisseminated infection can lead to osteomyelitisNote: there is no subacute illness. If S. typhi is present, you get sick

57
Q

What is the pattern of cellular response to Plasmodium falciparum?

A

Congestion and enlargement of spleen and liverDeposition of malaria pigment from hemoglobin digestionRing hemorrhages in cerebral malariaLittle inflammatory infiltrate

59
Q

What diseases are associated with Cytophathic/Cyotproliferative Inflammation?

A

InfluenzaMeasles PneumoniaCytomegalovirus

60
Q

What type of inflammation does Pseudomembranous Colitis cause?

A

Necrotizing

61
Q

What type of inflammation does Salmonella typhi cause?

A

Mononuclear inflammation

62
Q

What kind of inflammation does Mycobacterium Tuberculosis cause?

A

Granulomatous Inflammation

63
Q

What illnesses are associated with Necrotizing Inflammation?

A

Amoebic DysenteryPseudomembranous Colitis

64
Q

What is the pattern of cellular response to influenza in cytopathic/cytoproliferative inflammation?What are primary and secondary effects?

A
  1. Localized necrosis of respiratory epithelium, systemic symptoms2. Primary Viral Pneumonia – edema, necrosis of ciliated epitheium, lymphocytic infiltrates in submucosa3. Secondary Bacterial pneumonia – acute suppurative inflammation, S. aureus often pathogen

Path Quiz 2 (13 decks)

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