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Science Of Animal Welfare > Welfare Definitions, Concepts & Frameworks > Flashcards

Welfare Definitions, Concepts & Frameworks Flashcards

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1
Q

What is animal welfare based on?

A

Whether we believe it is sentient or not

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2
Q

Define sentience?

A

Having the awareness and cognitive ability necessary to have feelings

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3
Q

Why is welfare different to most other sciences?

A

It focuses on the individual animal

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4
Q

Why is it hard assume an animals experience?

A

They have different sensory capacities to humans
They’ve evolved to different environments to humans
They have different behavioural properties to humans

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5
Q

Because we cannot assume animals experience something the way humans do what does this mean?

A

That non-human animals will suffer in a situation which humans would enjoy and vice versa.

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6
Q

To say what is good welfare we need evidence to decide what?

A

How we keep animals
How we treat animals
How we look after animals
How we monitor whether or not the welfare is good

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7
Q

Evidence of good welfare can then be used to change what?

A 
Societal views 
Policy
Practices
Teaching
Legislation
Monitoring/assurance
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8
Q

Why is it hard to get enough scientifically useable evidence of good welfare?

A

Welfare is based on an individual organisms internal experience

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9
Q

What 3 viewpoints do welfare definitions usually fall into?

A

Functioning
Feeling
Natural living

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10
Q

Which welfare viewpoint does the earliest welfare research usually fall into?

A

Functioning

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11
Q

Because animal welfare was being developed in a scientific environment what happened?

A

This meant that unless someone could measure the “thing” that it doesn’t exist.
So for animal welfare they needed to be able to measure welfare

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12
Q

What did functioning researchers measure to measure welfare?

A

Biological aspects they believed reflected an animals welfare state.

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13
Q

What is Broom’s 1991/1998 definition of functioning?

A

The welfare of an animal is its state as regards to it’s attempts to cope with the environment

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14
Q

What did Broom mean by state?

A

How much energy/effort an animal must invest in something to allow it to cope with environmental challenges and whether or not the coping mechanism worked

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15
Q

What does Broom mean by welfare?

A

How much effort an animal invests in overcoming environmental challenges and whether the coping mechanism works

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16
Q

What is the the second part of Broom’s functioning welfare viewpoint definition?

A

The state includes how much it [the animal] is having to do to cope, the extent to which it is succeeding in or failing to cope, and it’s associated feelings

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17
Q

What is Broom’s full functioning welfare viewpoint definition?

A

The welfare of an animal is its state as regards to it’s attempts to cope with the environment. The state includes how much it is having to do to cope, the extent to which it is succeeding in or failing to cope, and it’s associated feelings.

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18
Q

What does Broom define as coping?

A

Having control of mental and bodily stability

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19
Q

Broom’s functioning definitions are based off of what?

A

A conceptualisation of welfare as a homeostatic approach

The animal is at a neutral state and the environmental challenges alter the animals state
The animal will then use/develop coping mechanisms to try and regain its neutral state

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20
Q

What did Broom believe would reflect the animals inability to adapt to a challenge?

A

The animal can’t cope

The animal needs to invest lots of energy to the coping mechanism

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21
Q

What did Broom later relate an animals coping ability to?

A

An animals fitness

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22
Q

What does Broom mean by fitness

A

The animals ability to pass on it’s genes to the next generation

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23
Q

If maintenance of bodily and mental stability was too hard or failed then what does Broom say will happen?

A

Then there would be an associated impairment in a biological function that can be measured

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24
Q

In functioning inadequate adaption compromises what?

A

Welfare

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25
Q

What are the 5 problems with functioning?

A

1) Welfare assessments are based on the understanding of biological mechanisms and there outcome, however there are some things we don’t understand about biological mechanisms.
2) Functioning methods assume that measures are a proxy for fitness which is hard to do
3) Functioning also assumes animal feelings are aligned
4) Functioning welfare evidence is gathered measuring marker associated with autonomic responses, however autonomic responses could be associated with both positive and negative situations instead of just one context
5) Functioning is a theory based around measuring alterations in the animals homeostasis however it’s hard to decide what degree of disturbance to the animals homeostasis is bad welfare.

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26
Q

What are the 2 measurements used in functioning to determine an animas welfare?

A

Changes in biological processes that underpin the adaption/coping mechanism

Outcomes of unsuccessful adaption

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27
Q

What are the 4 examples of the functioning measure “changes in biological processes that underpin the adaption/coping mechanism”?

A

Body repair systems
Immunological defence
Physiological stress responses
Behavioural responsees

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28
Q

What are the 3 examples of the functioning measure “outcomes of unsuccessful adaption”?

A

Reduced growth efficiency
Reduced reproduction
Poor health

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29
Q

Around what era did the feelings welfare viewpoint come about?

A

80s and 90s

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30
Q

How did Duncan and Petherick define the feelings viewpoint?

A

Animal welfare is dependent solely on the mental, psychological and cognitive needs of the animals concerned

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31
Q

Do physiological state matter to feelings researchers?

A

No

If an animal is in a bad physiological state they could still be in a good welfare state

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32
Q

Do feelings theorists believe that poor welfare can exist without poor health?

A

Yes as seen with some psychological conditions like anxiety and depression

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33
Q

What do feelings researchers argue that the physical state of an animal will be

A

Associated with how the animal feels
Or
Irrelevant

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34
Q

What do feelings researchers measure?

A

Only the animals emotional state

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35
Q

What do feelings researchers believe in terms of affective states?

A

Subjective affective states evolved to motivate behaviour in a more flexible way than stimulus: response situations

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36
Q

What are the 3 problems with feelings theory?

A

1) They ignore animal health as they believe that feelings and physical health are aligned
2) It’s limited by our understanding affective states

3) The ideology is limited by measurements of affective states/emotions.
There’s no well defined affective state and some emotions are debated to exist in some animals

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37
Q

What did Dawkins do?

A

She tried to join feelings and functioning theories together.

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38
Q

What does Dawkins define welfare as?

A

Are the animals healthy? Do they have what they want?

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39
Q

Does Dawkins believe we should measure consciousness?

A

No she believes we should look at the animals behaviour to rewarding and punishing experiences

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40
Q

How does Dawkins define affective states?

A

As what the animal finds rewarding or punishing

You’ll look for the animals want

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41
Q

Why does Dawkins recognise the importance of physical health?

A

Because animals will not always choose for their long term benefit

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42
Q

What are the 4 ways Dawkins believes we can test for the animals perception?

A

Preference tests
Motivation tests
Cognitive bias
Physiological measures

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43
Q

Who created the natural living welfare viewpoint?

A

The philosopher Bernard Rollins

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44
Q

Natural living focuses on understanding animals through their what?

A

Genetically encoded nature (there telos)

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45
Q

What does the natural living viewpoint mean by telos?

A

An ultimate object or aim

Basically all animals have an intrinsic nature that’s expressed in their actions and we should be looking at these actions when providing welfare

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46
Q

How does natural living see good welfare as?

A

Good welfare is seen as allowing the animals to express normal/natural behaviour

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47
Q

How does Rollin’s see animal welfare?

A

“to promote welfare of animals, we need to raise them in ways that respect their nature’s”

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48
Q

Does the natural living viewpoint believe you must provide a natural environment for the animals?

A

Some people would argue yes

49
Q

Would the natural living approach include concerns on whether or not an animal is able to do something that would be considered natural?

A

Yes

50
Q

Does a behaviour need to be linked to biological function, fitness, or mental state for natural living researchers to want it to be expressed?

A

No

51
Q

In natural living philosophy telos requires what?

A

Meeting needs and interests that matter to the animal and affect its feelings by virtue of its biological and psychological nature

52
Q

Some natural living researchers believe that expression of natural behaviour is key and what may be needed?

A

A natural environment

53
Q

What are the 6 problems with the natural living philosophy?

A

1) Natural living ideologies of welfare are hard to define as it’s hard to define telos

2) Natural living assumes that full behavioural repertoires are necessary but does not take account for adaptions to different environments
Not all behaviours are necessary

3) Domestic animals have been artificially selected altering their genetics and so altering the animals genetically coded nature
4) Natural living ideologies does not take into account that natural environments may offer poor welfare
5) Some natural behaviours are designed to help animals cope with challenges which may indicate poor welfare in the environment
6) Natural living ideology does not provide rigorous basis for measuring welfare as this ideology is based on provision of a natural environment only

54
Q

What’s a positive of natural living philosophy?

A

Natural living ideologies are better in terms of drawing attention to potential welfare benefits if the animals can engage in natural behaviour

55
Q

Are welfare frameworks the same as concepts?

A

No

56
Q

What are welfare frameworks useful for considering?

A

What we need to measure to be able to address particular welfare concepts comprehensively

Welfare frameworks are used to decide what to measure so you can get enough evidence to support your concept/theory

57
Q

Name a classic example of a welfare framework?

A

The 5 freedoms

58
Q

When was the 5 freedoms welfare framework created?

A

In 1965 after the Bramble Committee report on intensive farming

59
Q

Who needs to follow the 5 freedoms welfare framework?

A

It’s a basic requirement for farmers

60
Q

What are the 5 freedoms in the welfare framework?

A

1) freedom from thirst and hunger
2) freedom from discomfort
3) freedom from pain, injury and disease
4) freedom from fear and distress
5) freedom to express normal behaviour

61
Q

The 5 freedoms welfare framework was originally to be as free as possible from the freedoms but what is it now?

A

Completely free from the 5 freedoms

62
Q

What are 2 negatives of the 5 freedoms welfare framework?

A

It’s impossible to completely prevent the 5 freedoms.
Examples are animals naturally get hungry and can injure themselves

The 5 freedoms only focus on preventing negative experiences and don’t ensure positive experiences

63
Q

What do welfare frameworks do?

A

They indicate what we need to aim for and consider to avoid poor welfare
They can sometimes promote good welfare and so can be useful for monitoring

63
Q

What do welfare frameworks do?

A

They indicate what we need to aim for and consider to avoid poor welfare
They can sometimes promote good welfare and so can be useful for monitoring

64
Q

In 2006 what happened to the 5 freedoms welfare framework?

A

It was modified under the UK Animal Welfare Act to the 5 needs. This made the 5 needs enforceable by law.

65
Q

What are the 5 Needs under the UK Animal Welfare Act 2006?

A

1) the animal has a suitable environment to live in
2) the animal has a healthy diet
3) the animal is able to exhibit normal behaviour
4) the animal has appropriate company
5) the animal is to be protected from pain, suffering, injury and disease

66
Q

What are the 2 negatives to the 5 needs?

A

The 5 needs only focus on negative experiences like the 5 freedoms so don’t encourage positive experiences

The 5 needs are only as good as the state of current knowledge

67
Q

Who created the Welfare Quality Principles welfare framework?

A

The Welfare Quality Project

68
Q

How did the Welfare Quality Project create the Welfare Quality Principles?

A

They generated welfare assessments protocols across a range of species

69
Q

What are the 4 Welfare Quality Principles?

A

1) Good feeding
2) Good housing
3) Good health
4) Appropriate behaviour

70
Q

What are the 2 criteria for the “good feeding” Welfare Quality Principles?

A

1) Absence of prolonged hunger

2) Absence of prolonged thirst

71
Q

What are the 3 criteria for the “good housing” Welfare Quality Principles?

A

1) Comfort around resting
2) Thermal comfort
3) Ease of movement

72
Q

What are the 3 criteria for the “good health” Welfare Quality Principles?

A

1) Absence of injury
2) Absence of disease
3) Absence of pain induced by management procedures

73
Q

What are the 4 criteria for the “appropriate behaviour” Welfare Quality Principles?

A

1) Expression of social behaviours
2) Expression of other behaviours
3) Good human-animal relationships
4) Positive emotional states

74
Q

In 2016 Mellor created what?

A

The 5 domains

75
Q

What are Mellor’s 5 domains based off of?

A

The 5 freedoms

76
Q

How did Mellor adapt the 5 freedoms into the 5 domains?

A

Mellor expanded on the 5 freedoms making them prescriptive about what they should include

77
Q

What are the 2 main domains Mellor split the 5 domains into?

A

1) Physical/Functional Domain

2) Affective Experience Domain

78
Q

What are the 2 types of factors Mellor’s Physical/Functional Domain is split into?

A

1) Survival-Related Factors

2) Situation-Related Factors

79
Q

Name the 3 domains that fit under Mellor’s Survival-Related Factors?

A

1) Nutrition
2) Environment
3) Health

80
Q

How is positive Nutrition met according to Mellor’s 5 domains?

A

Enough water and food

Balanced and varied diet

81
Q

How is negative Nutrition met according to Mellor’s 5 domains?

A

Restricted water and food

Poor quality food

82
Q

How are positive Environments met according to Mellor’s 5 domains?

A

Physical environment comfortable and pleasant

83
Q

How are negative Environments met according to Mellor’s 5 domains?

A

Uncomfortable or unpleasant features of the physical environments

84
Q

How is positive Health met according to Mellor’s 5 domains?

A

Healthy, fit and/or uninjured animals

85
Q

How is negative Health met according to Mellor’s 5 domains?

A

Disease, injury and/or functional impairment of the animal

86
Q

Which of Mellor’s 5 domains fits under Situation-Related Factors?

A

Behaviour

87
Q

How is positive Behaviour met according to Mellor’s 5 domains?

A

Able to express rewarding behaviours

88
Q

How is negative Behaviour met according to Mellor’s 5 domains?

A

Behavioural expression restricted

89
Q

Which of Mellor’s 5 domains fits under their Affective Experience Domain?

A

Mental state

90
Q

How is positive Mental State met according to Mellor’s 5 domains?

A 
Drinking pleasures
Taste pleasures
Chewing pleasures
Satiety
Physical comfort
Vigour of good
Health and fitness
Rewards
Goal-directed
Engagement
Calmness/in control
Affectionate sociability
Maternally rewarded
Excited playfulness
Sexually gratified
91
Q

How is negative Mental State met according to Mellor’s 5 domains?

A 
Thirst
Hunger
Malnutrition malaise
Chilling
Overheating
Hearing discomfort
Breathlessness
Pain
Debility/weakness
Nausea, sickness
Dizziness
Anger/frustration
Boredom
Helplessness
Loneliness
Depression
Anxiety
Fearfulness
Panic
Exhaustion
92
Q

What are Mellor’s 5 domains?

A

1) Nutrition
2) Environment
3) Health
4) Behaviour
5) Mental State

93
Q

Are physical States seen as the base of Mellor’s 5 domains welfare framework?

A

Yes followed by behavioural states

94
Q

Which of Mellor’s 5 domains overarched the other domains and why?

A

Mental state

The other domains alter and affect the animals mental state

95
Q

Is Quality of Life a welfare framework?

A

No it’s a welfare concept

96
Q

Does the quality of life concept tell us what to measure?

A

No

97
Q

What does quality of life conceptually say?

A

It’s not good enough to prevent negative experiences, we need to promote positive experiences for the animals as well

98
Q

Quality of life also introduced what concept?

A

Animals in different sectors need different quality of life

Examples are pets Vs farm animals

99
Q

What is Wathes definition of the quality of life concept in 2010?

A

To ensure quality of life, animals must have a life worth living and should have a good life

100
Q

What are the 2 arguments quality of life puts forth?

A

Prevention of negative states is not enough

That we may need to accept different degrees of welfare for different animals

101
Q

How has the World Health Organisation defined Human quality of life?

A

Individuals perception of their positions in life in the context of culture and the value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns

102
Q

How did Belshaw et Al define quality of life for animals?

A

An individual’s satisfaction with its physical and psychological health, it’s physical and social environment and its ability to interact with that environment

103
Q

What did Belshaw et al 2015 mean by “an individual’s satisfaction”?

A

The fulfillment of one’s individual needs or positive mood or valence derived from this

104
Q

What did Belshaw et al 2015 mean by “physical and psychological health”?

A

The state of being free from illness or injury

105
Q

Why is it hard to measure quality of life for the animals entire life?

A

It focuses on the individual experiences of that animal

106
Q

How do you measure quality of life?

A

By, very carefully, describing and making assumptions about how those things relate together

107
Q

Is being dead a welfare issue?

A

No but it can be a ethical/moral issue

108
Q

What part of death is important in a welfare perspective?

A

The manner of death

109
Q

Why is death important for people following the function welfare definition?

A

Death has implications for an animals ultimate fitness

110
Q

What does Yeats’s 2010 paper argue

A

Death may be a welfare issue based on the removal of the capacity for future good quality of life

111
Q

Why is death important in a function perspective?

A

Death is the ultimate fitness failure and so death is a welfare issue

112
Q

How have philosophers argued death as a welfare point?

A

You lose the potential of future good quality of life

113
Q

What is the argument that philosophers need to make to defend their viewpoints on welfare and death?

A

You need to also believe that the animal is aware of the future good quality of life it will lose while alive before death

114
Q

In practice what concepts are used to assess the animals welfare as comprehensively as possible?

A

Functioning
Feelings
Natural living
Quality of life

115
Q

What is used to assess the concepts correctly?

A

Welfare indicators

116
Q

What is a definition of a welfare indicator?

A

Any measurable external resource or aspect of an animals biology, that we hypothesize to signify different animal welfare states

117
Q

What do you need to ensure when using a welfare indicator?

A

That it’s valid

Science Of Animal Welfare (18 decks)

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