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Biology of disease > Weird Biology > Flashcards

Weird Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do kinetoplastid parasites contain ?

A

Kinetoplast DNA/ mitochondrial genome

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2
Q

What is special about the structure of the kinetoplastid genome ?

A

It is chainmail like

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3
Q

What does Apicomplexa contain ?

A

Apicoplast

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4
Q

What is special about the Apicoplast?

A

it has multiple membranes

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5
Q

What it the model apicoplast ?

A

Toxaplasma

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6
Q

Example of a protozoan parasite ?

A

Toxaplasma

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7
Q

How is the impact of malaria measured?

A

disability adjusted life years (DALYS)

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8
Q

Type of apicomplexa in cattle ?

A

Theileria

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9
Q

How is theileria spread?

A

Via ticks

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10
Q

What cell does theileria effect in the body ?

A

lymphocytes

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11
Q

What are the features of the apical complex ?

A

Micronemes and conoid

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12
Q

What is the cristae ?

A

The whirls of the inner membrane

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13
Q

Where is ATP synthase found?

A

in the cristae

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14
Q

Theory behind eukaryotes having a mitochondria ?

A

Endosymbiosis

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15
Q

Key structure of a protozoan mitochondria ?

A

Single but branched

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16
Q

when do toxoplasma mitochondria not respire ?

A

in the intracellular stages

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17
Q

when do toxoplasma switch to mito res from glycolysis ?

A

when they are getting ready to enter a mosquito

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18
Q

Why might toxoplasma switch respiration ?

A

because they enter a harsher environment

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19
Q

Key features of the Apicomplex mito genome ?

A

smallest- 6kb , only 3 proteins coded for and have 20 copies in each cell

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20
Q

What are the 3 proteins that apicomplexors produce?

A

cytochrome oxidase 1 ,3 and cytochrome B + fragments of ribosome genes

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21
Q

How is theileria different to apicomplexors ?

A

Has terminal inverted repeats not tandem

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22
Q

What do the terminal inverted repeats do ?

A

act like telomeres protecting genome form degradation

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23
Q

where does toxoplasma store mito genome ?

A

in the nuclear genome ?

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24
Q

do mDNA and nDNA rep together ?

A

yes

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25
Q

what is a concatomer ?

A

long sting of repeats

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26
Q

current theory for replication ?

A

rolling circles

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27
Q

What do brewer vegan gels allow you to do?

A

x/y dimensions and see the shape of dna

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28
Q

where is th kinetoplast always found ?

A

at the base of the flagellum

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29
Q

example of a trypanosomatid parasite ? disease?

A

leishmania and African sleeping sickness

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30
Q

How do you get African sleeping sickness ?

A

Tetse fly bite , T. bruceis . fever , blood brain barrier . NS , coma

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31
Q

Where is kDNA stored ?

A

in the lumen of the mitochondria

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32
Q

What is the structure of kDNA ?

A

giant network of interlocking circles - chainmail like

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33
Q

What are the two types of circle found in kDNA ?

A

Mini ( 5000) and Maxi(25)

34
Q

What is the role of the maxi circles?

A

Encoded proteins for respiration , similar to mitochondria

35
Q

What is the role of mini circles?

A

Codes fo sgRNA which edit maxi circles proteins

36
Q

What does sgRNA do?

A

edits messenger RNA post transcriptionally

37
Q

Where are the maxi circles found ?

A

semi detached to the membrane

38
Q

What is the normal valence of the mini circles ?

A

3

39
Q

Why are relaxed circles structures uncommon?

A

As supercoiled provides energy for strand unwinding and rep

40
Q

Role of Topoisomerase 2?

A

Break and reform the circles

41
Q

What are present in the protein complexes that attach during kDNA rep ?

A

Topoisomerase 2, dna polymerase and structure specific endonuclease

42
Q

Where is DNA primate found ?

A

Middle of the discs, top and bottom

43
Q

What releases mini circles from the network ?

A

Topoisomerase 2

44
Q

What do the releases mini circles form ?

A

theta forms

45
Q

What do the recently rep minicircles contain and why ?

A

Nick , regulates which mini circles have been rep recently

46
Q

What is T. brucei different?

A

Has 2 poles

47
Q

Why does valency increase during replication ?

A

3-5/6 to allow double the amount of kDNA to be held in the same area - condensed

48
Q

How many membranes surroud the apicoplast ?

A

4

49
Q

What happens when you remove the apicoplast from cell ?

A

fails to invade a new host

50
Q

Where are apicoplasts found ?

A

Near the mitochondria

51
Q

How many genomes in a apicomplexan ?

A

3-nuclear mito and plasmid

52
Q

How is toxoplasma replicated ?

A

rolling circle

53
Q

How is plasmodium replicated?

A

Bi directional - theta forms

54
Q

What is the proposed origin for apicoplasts?

A

Green agal / prokaryotic

55
Q

What is the apicoplast rich in ?

A

AT -80% GENES

56
Q

Whats encoded in the Apicoplast ?

A

RNA genes
RNA polymerase
surb (iron sulphur clusters)
tufa

57
Q

Whats an example of secondary endosymbiosis ?

A

Apicoplast

58
Q

What is the site of type 2 fatty acid synthesis?

A

Apicoplast

59
Q

What does BFA inhibit ?

A

ER to Golgi transport

60
Q

What does NTD stand for?

A

Neglected tropical diseases

61
Q

What does HAT stand for ?

A

Human African trypanomiasis - sleeping sickness

62
Q

what insect transmits chagas disease ?

A

the kissing bug

63
Q

what insect transmits African sleeping sickness ?

A

Tsetse fly

64
Q

what insect transmits leishmania ?

A

sand fly

65
Q

what are the two types of ASS?

A 
west = TB gambiese 
east = TB rhdesinese
66
Q

which ASS is the worst ?

A

east

67
Q

in leishmania which cell of the immune system is it ingested by ?

A

macrophages

68
Q

whats the VD?

A

visceral disease of leishmania - liver and spleen

69
Q

whats the CD ?

A

cutaneous disease of leishmania - skin sores

70
Q

whats the MD ?

A

mucosal diseases of leishmania - attacks mucosal tissue

71
Q

What is the mode of action for kinetoplast treatments ?

A

its largely unknown

72
Q

How much does it cost to make a new drug ?

A

2.8 billion

73
Q

How long does it take to develop ?

A

15 years

74
Q

What are the stages of development ?

A

identify a target, validate, screen developing, primary screening, secondary screening, lead optermisation, pre clinical dev, clinical - 3 phases, regulate

75
Q

what are the two methods for drug dev?

A

target and phenotypic

76
Q

what is the target method?

A

protein response

77
Q

what is the phenotypic method?

A

cellular response

78
Q

whats the z prime?

A

measures if an assay is robust

79
Q

whats the positive control ?

A

drug that is known to kill the parasite

80
Q

whats the marker of a robust assay ?

A

z prime factor = 0.5

Biology of disease (4 decks)

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