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History- Nazi Germany > Weimar Republic 1919-1933 > Flashcards

Weimar Republic 1919-1933 Flashcards

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1
Q

When did the Kapp Putsch happen?

A

1920

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2
Q

Who led the Kapp Putsch?

A

Wolfgang Kapp

-Freikorp units (volunteer soldiers)

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3
Q

What were the events of the Kapp Putsch?

A

12,000 Freikorps marched to Berlin
-govt. forced to flee- Kapp new leader
Workers went on strike in protest–> four days later he fled
–> Old govt. came back (FAILURE)

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4
Q

Was the Kapp Putsch a right wing or left wing attempt to overthrow the new Weimar Government?

A

Right

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5
Q

What sparked the Kapp Putsch?

A

Govt. ordered that Freikorp bridgades were disbanded

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6
Q

When did the Munich Putsch happen?

A

1923

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7
Q

Who led the Munich Putsch?

A 
Hitler- Nazi party
General Ludendorff (SA)
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8
Q

What were the events of the Munich Putsch?

A

Hitler + 600 SA burst into meeting- Kahr (leader of Bavaria) speaking
-Made him promise to support them
–> Kahr= allowed out–> withdrew suprot
Army crushed revolt- Hitler sent to prison
–>Nazis nearly fell apart w/out leader

(Badly organised)

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9
Q

What was the reason for the Munich Putsch?

A

Believed that democracy led to a wea govt.- wanted 1 party w/ 1 leader
–> Wanted Ludendorff to be in charge

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10
Q

Was the Munich Putsch a right wing or left wing attempt to overthrow the new Weimar Government?

A

Right- Nazis

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11
Q

When did the Spartacist Uprising happen?

A

1919

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12
Q

Who led the Spartacist Uprising?

A

Rosa Luxenburg + Karl Liebknecht

-Communist group Spartacist League

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13
Q

What were the events of the Spartacist Uprising?

A

Berlin- took over govt. newspaper + telegram headquarters
-Hoped protesters would join–> didn’t
Govt. ordered army+Freikorps to crush uprising
–>100 workers killed in violence
Luxenburg & Liebknecht both murdered

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14
Q

To what extent was the Kapp Putsch successful?

Why?

A

Not successful

failed to win support of workers

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15
Q

To what extent was the Munich Putsch successful?

Why?

A

Not successful

badly planned- Hitler imprisoned & Nazis struggled w/out him

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16
Q

To what extent was the Spartacist Uprising successful?

Why?

A

Not successful

failed to get support of rest of left wing
Both leaders killed

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17
Q

Was the Spartacist Uprising a right wing or left wing attempt to overthrow the new Weimar Government?

A

Left- communist

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18
Q

When did The Red Rising in the Ruhr happen?

A

1920

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19
Q

Who led The Red Rising in the Ruhr?

A

Members of communist party- w/ workers

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20
Q

What happened during The Red Rising in the Ruhr?

A

50,000 workers occupied Ruhr- industrial area w/ raw materials
-Army + Freikorps crushed them- 1000+ killed

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21
Q

Was the The Red Rising in the Ruhr a right wing or left wing attempt to overthrow the new Weimar Government?

A

Left- communist

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22
Q

To what extent was the The Red Rising in the Ruhr successful?

Why?

A

Not successful

weak leadership- lack of committed widespread support

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23
Q

What were the issues facing the Weimar Republic 1919-1923?

A 
Aftermath of TofV
-LAMB- Stab in the Back
Uprisings
-Kapp Putsch, Munich Putsch, Spartacist Uprising, Redb Rising in The Ruhr
1923=Year of crisis 
-hyperinflation at it's worse
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24
Q

What were the terms of the treaty?

use the acronym

A

Land
(lost 100% of colonies, 15%of agricultural land,13% of land overall,Sahr coalfield taken)
Army
(Air forcedisbanded, 100,000 limit for Army, 0 submarines
-no German troops allowed in Rhineland for 15 years)
Money
(6,600 mil.- annual instalments
–> doubts whether they could pay it or not)
Blame
(Article 231- Germany took entire blame for WW1
–> Germans resented this)

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25
Q

What were the events of the French Occupation of the Ruhr?

A 
Germany wasn't keeping up w/ reparations
-French army invaded Ruhr--> needed materials to rebuild country
(Ruhr= industrial site, raw materials)
Govt. told workers to go on strike
-had to pay them
--Didn't have any money--> Printed more
=Money lost value (HYPERINFLATION)
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26
Q

Who was Gustav Stresemann?

A

Chancellor of Germany 1923

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27
Q

What were the main issues that Gustav Stresemann solved during the Golden Years of Weimar?

(solve into 3 catagories)

A

Economic solutions

  • Solved hyperinflation
  • Signed Dawes Plan
  • Signed Young Plan

Foreign Policy

  • Signed Locarno Pact
  • Joined League of Nations
  • Signed Kellogg-Briand Pact

Political Stability
Stable coalition + president
–> no uprisings
(Hitler banned from public speaking

Rebuilding Country

  • Solved Ruhr crisis
  • Used money from loans to improve infrastructure (housing, roads, hospitals etc.)
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28
Q

How did Stresemann solve hyperinflation?

How successful was this?

What was the public reaction?

A

Introduced new currency:
RENTENMARK
-old notes burnt
Restarted economy

V. successful 5/5–> however:
those who lost savings never repaid
-German people never forgot

29
Q

What was the Dawes Plan?

When was it signed?

What category of solutions of issues facing the Weimar Republic does this fit into?

What was the public reaction to this?

A 
Gave Germany longer to pay off reparations 
--> brought in short term US loans
(govt. used money to:
kickstart economy
build new infrastructure)

1924

Economic solutions

4/5-Didn’t reduce amount–> some saw as second TofV–> thought it made Germany too dependant on US

30
Q

What was the Young Plan?

When was it signed?

What category of solutions of issues facing the Weimar Republic does this fit into?

Was the German public happy w/ this?

A

Reduced reparations massively
Extended pay back time

1929

Economic solutions

4/5-Didn’t think they should be paying at all–> extending time=dragged it out

31
Q

What was the Kellogg-Briand Pact?

When was it signed?

What category of solutions of issues facing the Weimar Republic does this fit into?

Was the German public happy w/ this?

A

European countries promising to not go to war again
(e.g England, France, Belgium)

1925

Foreign Policy

Yes
BUT saw as weak
-thought should’ve done more to reverse TofV

32
Q

What was the League of Nations?

When was it signed?

What category of solutions of issues facing the Weimar Republic does this fit into?

Was the German public happy w/ this?

A

Forum for settling international disputes
-Included Germany in major international decisions

1925

Foreign Policy

Yes
BUT saw as weak
-thought should’ve done more to reverse TofV

33
Q

What was the Locarno Pact?

When was it signed?

What category of solutions of issues facing the Weimar Republic does this fit into?

A

Securing European borders

1925

Foreign Policy

34
Q

How did Stresemann solve the crisis of the French occupation of the Ruhr?

What category of solutions of issues facing the Weimar Republic does this fit into?

Was the German public happy w/ this?

A

Called off passive resistance
Promised to repay reparations to France
–> French left Ruhr
-Could focus on industry

Rebuilding economy

NO- v. unpopular (esp. right wing)
Saw as massive sign of weakness

35
Q

What did Hitler do with the Nazi party in the 1920s?

A

Changed name to The National Socialist German Workers Party
Introduced emblem–> Swastika
Issued 25 point plan for Nazis- appealed to groups other than workers
Created fighting force- SA (Storm-troopers)
–>made up from unemployed ex soldiers
-gave them uniforms–>restored pride

36
Q

What were the successes of Munich Putsch? (1923)

A 
Publicity on Nazi party
--> turned trial into publicity- Hitler=Right wing hero (judge agreed w/ him)
Sparked change in directions/tactics
Hitler wrote Mein Kampf in prison
-important for later indoctrination
\+ Was able to see party members during sentence & organise
(Was in open prison- short sentence)
Intimated opposition during Putsch
37
Q

What were the failures of Munich Putsch? (1923)

A 
Let Kahr leave beer hall
16 Nazis died
Failed to gain support of army, police & govt.
Made worse when refused to stop march
-->pride
100 police officers overthrew 3000 SA
Presumed that army wouldn't go against Ludendorff (+ didn't get involved in Kapp Putsch)
Nazis arrested
38
Q

How did the Nazi Party change tactics after the failed Munich Putsch?

A

Getting in power through force wasn’t going to work- had to instead be election in
Tried to attract more paying party member
-campaign had to be financed
Trained Nazi members in public speaking
-Hitler=good orator
Put Nazi members up for elections

39
Q

When did the Wall Street Crash happen?

A

October 1929

40
Q

What happened during the Wall Street Crash?

A

Share prices fell
-people’s investments lost value
People rushed to sell shares
–>Sent prices lower

41
Q

When was ‘Black Thursday’?

A

24 October 1929

42
Q

What happened on ‘Black Thursday’?

A

13 million shares were sold

part of WSC

43
Q

During the WSC, how much did investors loose in a week?

A

$4000 million

44
Q

How did the WSC affect Germany?

A 
US bankers recalled loans
(part of Dawes Plan)
-->Germany=left with 0 money
International trade decreased quickly
-Germany couldn't get money from exports
Less demand of produce
=Factories close- Workers fired
No need for produce
=German farmers badly affected
-->Weimar govt. proved too weak to deal w/ crisis
45
Q

What were the types of propaganda that the Nazis used to gain support before 1928?

A

Types of propaganda used:
Travelling theatre group
Posters and leaflets- cleverly portrayed Nazi ideals
Mass rallies & meetings- convey key messages
Organised Hitler Youth Group- young people=key

46
Q

Why did the Nazis not gain power before 1928?

A

Failed to gain support of working class
Hitler was banned from speaking
-good orator= big loss for Nazis
1924-1928= Prosperity in Germany
(people only turn to extremism during hardship)
Nazi ideas were too extreme for normal people to accept

47
Q

How many were unemployed in Germany in 1932?

A

6 million

48
Q

How did the WSC help the Nazis gain support?

A

German people blamed Weimar govt.

Turned to more extremist ideas- such as Nazis

49
Q

How did the WSC affect businesses?

why?

A

Demand fell
Profits fell
Many had to close

People had less money to spend

50
Q

How did the WSC affect factory workers?

why?

A

Lost jobs
+benefits

less demand=less workers
Businesses closed
Govt. needed to save money

51
Q

How did the WSC affect farmers?

why?

A

had to decide between:
Sell land

OR

Live in poverty

Had been suffering for years
Prices fell

52
Q

How did the WSC affect young people?

why?

A

Couldn’t find work

Unemployment was high

  • lack of jobs
  • ->young= first to go
53
Q

How did the WSC affect the middle class?

why?

A

Lost savings
Lost businesses
Lost investments

Banks collapsed
-from loans being recalled

54
Q

Who did businesses blame for how they were affected after the WSC?

A

Weimar govt.

55
Q

Who did factory workers blame for how they were affected after the WSC?

A

Business owners

Weimar govt.

56
Q

Who did farmers blame for how they were affected after the WSC?

A

Weimar govt.

57
Q

Who did young people blame for how they were affected after the WSC?

A

Weimar govt.

58
Q

Who did the middle classes blame for how they were affected after the WSC?

A

Weimar govt.

USA

59
Q

Define ubermensch

A

Aryan race (ideal)

  • blonde
  • blue yes
  • white
  • athletic & strong
60
Q

Define untermensch

A 
Undesirables
-Jews
-disabled people
(mentally+physically)
-criminals
-homosexuals
-black people
-gypsies
61
Q

What were the factors that led to Hitler being elected Chancellor in 1933?

A

WSC + Depression= time of hardship

Nazi Promises

Nazi Organisation

Hitler’s Leadership

Nazi Propaganda

Weak & Divided Opposition

Fear of Communism

Political Deal

62
Q

What was the time of hardship that followed the WSC as a factor for why Hitler was elected Chancellor in 1933?

A 
WSC:
USA recalled loans from Germany
-->demands for goods dropped
-->Unemployment dropped dramatically
Time of hardship
=people started listening to promises of rebuilding country
--> Nazis had been saying for years

Stresemann had died days before
Weak govt.=some action made it worse
-President Hindenburg used Article 48 to rule by decree

63
Q

What was Nazi promises as a factor for why Hitler was elected Chancellor in 1933?

A 
Solve economic crisis
Reduce unemployment
Abolish Treaty of Versailles
Restore power of the German army
Provide strong leadership for Germany
--> exactly what public wanted to hear/what govt. weren't providing
64
Q

What was Nazi organisation as a factor for why Hitler was elected Chancellor in 1933?

A 
Raised money for election campaigns
-Attracted huge donations
Door-to-door leafleting
Public meetings
Soup kitchens&Shelters for unemployed
SA-prepared to fight Communists
  • ->Looked capable of bringing order
  • People were looking for strong leader/govt.–> diff. to Weimar who looked incompatent
65
Q

What was Hitler’s leadership as a factor for why Hitler was elected Chancellor in 1933?

A

Powerful orator
Charismatic
-Related to public–>filled w/ hope

  • ->Gained support for Nazis
  • –>Made other leaders/current govt. look weak and unorganised
66
Q

What was Nazi propaganda as a factor for why Hitler was elected Chancellor in 1933?

A 
New tech:
-Loudspeakers
-Slide-shows
-Films
-Planes (Hitler-1932)
Mass rallies
(w/ music+lighting)
Marches
Powerful posters
  • ->Goebbels
  • ->Seemed attractive to public
  • ->Disciplined in time of chaos & unrest
67
Q

What was weak and divided opposition to the Nazis as a factor for why Hitler was elected Chancellor in 1933?

A 
2 rivals:
Communists (people were scared)
Social Democrats (ruling party)
-->WOULDN'T work together
Public lost trust in Weimar 
-->NO strong leader
68
Q

What was fear of communism as a factor for why Hitler was elected Chancellor in 1933?

A

Business owners & Farmers
=scared of communist govt.
–>would take over land & industry
(support increased in working class from 1930-1932)

69
Q

What was the political deal as a factor for why Hitler was elected Chancellor in 1933?

A

June 1932 elections- Nazis= largest party
BUT not majority
–>Hindenburg refused to appoint Hitler as Chancellor
–>Appointed Franz Von Papen
Schleicher (Army general) persuades Hindenburg to remove von Papen and appoint him
–> Papen=revenge
–>Made deal:
Hitler=Chancellor
von Papen=Vice Chancellor
-Hindenburg agreed
–>Thought they could control Hitler (as puppet)
(1/4 in govt.=Nazis)

History- Nazi Germany (3 decks)

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