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Government of Nazi Germany Flashcards

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3
Q

When was the Reichstag Fire?

A

27 February 1933

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4
Q

What were the events of the Reichstag Fire?

A

Reichstag (parlimentary building) was burned down
–> Dutch Communist Van Der Lubbe arrested at scene
-Worked alone
BUT Hitler used this to persuade Hindenburg–> emergency powers
–>Arrested and detained communists & anti-communists
Spread anti-Communist propaganda

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5
Q

What Fundamental Law did the Nazis arresting and detaining communists & those who opposed the Nazis break following the Reichstag Fire?

A

1st–> Personal Freedom

can’t be arrested unless has broken the law

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6
Q

When was the Enabling Act signed?

A

24 March 1933

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7
Q

What did the signing of the Enabling Act see the end of in Germany?

A

Democracy

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8
Q

How did Hitler get the Enabling Act easily passed by govt?

A 
3/4 of the Reichstag had to vote in favour
Communists expelled from Reichstag
-Unable to vote
Centre party voted for
-promised to protect church
Social Democrats=only that voted against
won=444 vs 94
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9
Q

What did the Enabling act give Hitler the power to do?

A

Triggered Article 48

–>Could pass laws w/out permission of Hindenburg or Reichstag

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10
Q

What happened to Trade Unions on 2 May 1933, following the passing of the Enabling Act?

A

All trade unions merged–>DAF
=under Nazi control
Leaders of past unions arrested

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11
Q

What happened to political parties in July 1933, following the passing of the Enabling Act?

A

Setting up a new party= banned
(Social Democrats and Communists already banned)
=One-party state

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12
Q

What was the White Rose Resistance?

A

non- violent resistance group
Philosophy teacher and student
created and distributed anti Nazi leaflets
Sophie & Hans Scholl
discovered 1943, someone saw them chuck a leaflet in the air
interrogated by Gestapo

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13
Q

Who was Martin Niemoller?

A

Ordained in 1924
1933 didn’t agree with the Reich Church’s racism
1934 set up Confessional Church w/ other Protestants
1936 wrote strong speech opposing hitler
arrested- kept in concentration camp 1938-1945

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14
Q

Why was opposition to Hitler weak?

A

Because he was ruthless with exterminating any threats, people were scared

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15
Q

Who was the leader of the Reich Church?

A

Ludwig Muller

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16
Q

What happened after the death of Hindenburg?

A

Hitler made himself President, now in control of the entirety of Germany

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17
Q

What were the two methods of control in Nazi Germany?

A

Terror

Propaganda

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18
Q

What were the events that led to Hitler becoming Fuhrer from Chancellor?

A 
Feb 1933- Reichstag Fire
(=got rid of Communist threat)
March 1933- Enabling Act
(=triggered Article 48)
May-July 1933- Political parties & Trade Unions banned
(removed opposition
Germany= one-party state)

June 1934- Night of the Long Knives
(sent warning of Nazi power)
August 1934- Hindenburg’s death
(Hitler combined Chancellor & President
=FUHRER)
August 1934- Oath of the Army
(Army= swore allegiance + promised to obey Hitler)

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19
Q

When was The Night of the Long Knives?

A

29-30 June 1934

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20
Q

What lead to the Night of the Long Knives?

A

Hitler=concerned w/ growing power of SA–> 3 mil. members could overthrow him
-Leader=Ernst Rohm (Hitler’s friend + rival)
Rohm wanted to merge Army + SA
–>Army wasn’t happy + wanted to be reassured
(Army=smaller than SA, more discipline)

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21
Q

What was the population of the SA before The Night of the Long Knives?

A

3+ mill.

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22
Q

What were the events of The Night of the Long Knives?

A 
SA leaders dragged from beds
-Taken to Nazi headquarters
-Shot
Rohm arrested
-refused to commit suicide
-Shot
=Sent warning of Nazi power
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23
Q

What did The Night of the Long Knives show the German public?

A

Nazi power

+ ruthlessness to opposition

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24
Q

When did Hindenburg die?

A

2 August 1934

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25
Q

What did Hitler do immediately following the death of Hindenburg?

A

Combined roles of Chancellor and President

=FUHRER

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26
Q

When did the Army swear an oath of allegiance to Hitler?

A

August 1934

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27
Q

What oath did the Army take in August 1934?

A

Swore allegiance to Hitler
Accepted him as Supreme Leader
Promised to obey him

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28
Q

What are the characteristics of a dictatorship?

A 
No/rigged elections
Only one party
One supreme leader
Leader makes all rules
No criticism of govt. allowed
Trade unions= banned
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29
Q

Who was in charge of terror as a means of controlling the German public in Nazi party?

A

Heinrich Himmler

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30
Q

Was was the timeline of Himmler’s career in the Nazi party?

A

1923- Joined Nazi Party
1929- Formed SS
1936- Head of all police

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31
Q

Who were the SS?

A 
Protection squad
(-originally Hitler's bodyguards)
Aryan
Could arrested public w/out trial
-Search houses
Hunted down opposition to Hitler
-->destroyed it 
Ruthless
Fiercly loyal to Hitler
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32
Q

What was the population of the SS in 1939?

A

240,000

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33
Q

How did Himmler control the German public through terror?

A 
SS
Conc. camps
Gestapo
Police
Local Wardens
Rigged courts
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34
Q

What did concentration camps start of as?

A 
(Constructed in rural areas)
Held political opponents
-short periods of time:
questioning
torture
hard labour
forced instruction
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35
Q

What did concentration camps turn into during the later years of Nazi Germany?

A 
Held Untermensch
e.g:
Jews
Communists
Socialists
Homosexuals
-->slave labour for Nazi-ownded businesses
(making tings like weapons)
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36
Q

What were the Gestapo?

A

Secret police

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37
Q

How did the Gestapo control the German public?

A 
tapped phones
opened mail
network of informers
Arrested anyone seen as anti-Nazi w/out trial
-->tortured 
-->imprisoned in conc. camps
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38
Q

How were the police affected by the Nazi regime?

A

Controlled by Nazis
-bosses=Nazis
Became part of informer network
Ignored crimes committed by Nazis

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39
Q

How did the Gestapo control the German public during the Nazi regime?

A 
Each town= divided into blocks
Every block=Block Warden
--> Visited every house:
Collected donations
Watched out for anti-Nazi behaviour
Wrote reports on everyone 
-Reported any independant thinking
Reports=to Gestpo
-->Decide who got jobs & who needed to be arrested for being Anti-Nazi
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40
Q

How were the courts affected during the Nazi regime?

A

All judges:
took pledge of loyalty to Hitler
Became Nazi party members
–>fair trials=impossible

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41
Q

How did terror control the German public?

A

Scared them into following Nazi message

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42
Q

Who was the Minister of Enlightenment and Propaganda in Nazi Germany?

A

Joseph Goebbels

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43
Q

What was the timeline of Goebbels’ career with the Nazis?

A

1922-Joined Nazis
1928-Put in charge of propaganda
1938-Gave orders for Kristallnacht
1943-Put in complete control of war effort

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44
Q

How did Goebbels control the German public using propaganda?

A 
Newspapers
Rallies
Books
Radio
Films
Posters
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45
Q

How were newspapers used to control the German public during the Nazi regime?

A 
Anti-Nazi ones=shut down 
Jews=banned from working for newspapers
Newspaper companies told what to include
-->Only Nazi messages
Display boards in towns=presented what was included
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46
Q

How were rallies used to control the German population during the Third Reich?

A 
Impressive
-->Nuremburg stadium built especially 
Huge scale show of unity and strength
Presented an image of:
order
control
discipline
-->overwhelming power and unity
=what Germany needed
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47
Q

How did books control German people during the Nazi regime?

A 
Official book burnings
-Books by:
-Communists
-Jews
-Socialists
-Anyone they disapproved of
-Any anti-Nazi messages
New books=censored
-->Prevented rebellious/free thinking
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48
Q

During the Third Reich, how was film used to control the German public?

A

Goebels=Controlled every film made

  • ->Still made ‘normal’ films
  • Anti-Semitic messages
  • Openly Pro-Nazis
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49
Q

How did propaganda control the German population during the Third Reich?

A

Persuaded people to follow Nazi ideals

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50
Q

How did posters control the public during the Nazi regime?

A 
Clever imagery 
Hitler=Presented as almighty,strong,formidable
Pictures of Aryan families 
Anti-Semitic messages
-Jews=displayed as animalistic
-->displayed throughout Germany 
-Passed on Nazi ideas
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51
Q

What fraction of the German population was Catholic in 1933?

A

1/3

52
Q

Why did Hitler sign the Concordat with the Center Party in 1933?

A

Needed to have Center Party’s vote for Enabling Act

53
Q

When was the Concordat signed?

A

1933

54
Q

What was the Concordat?

A

Agreement between Catholic Center Party and Nazis

  • Church would have freedom of worship and education
  • Church wouldn’t get involved in politics
55
Q

How compatible are Christian and Nazi beliefs?

A 
NOT AT ALL
Christian:
strong helping weak
love
forgiveness
tolerance
only one God
sin to idolise anyone other God
Nazi:
dominance of strong over weak
racial superiority
use of violence 
idolising Hitler as God-like
56
Q

How did the church pose a threat to the Nazis?

A 
Population= Christian
1/3= Catholic
-->wide influence
Promoted love and tolerance 
Could hold anti-Nazi meetings
57
Q

Why did the Nazis need the church?

A

Pro Hitler members of church could promote their ideas
-Source of propaganda
Agreed on traditional family roles/values

58
Q

Did Hitler stick to the terms of the Concordat?

A

NO
Tried to Nazify church
Sent some priests to conc. camps
–>Pope Pius condemned Hitler

59
Q

What was the relationship between the Protestant church and Hitler?

A

1930s=suported Hitler

  • ->H tried to surpress them
  • Nazi campaigns against church school
  • Banned carols
  • Limited freedom of worship
60
Q

Who was the most famous Protestant that offered opposition to Hitler?

A

Martin Niemoller

61
Q

What fraction of Germans were Protestant in the 1930s?

A

2/3

62
Q

What did Martin Niemoller do to provide opposition to the Nazis?

A

Set up Confessional Church-1934
-Protestants who opposed Hitler
Him and 800 ministers sent to conc. camp-1938

63
Q

When did Niemoller set up the Confessional church?

A

1934

64
Q

What happened to Niemoller and 800 of his ministers?

A

1938- Sent to conc. camp

65
Q

What was the Reich church?

A

Church formed by Nazis in collaboration w/ some Protestants
–>carried on w/ services as normal
Ludwig Muller-1933

66
Q

What was the Reich church?

A

Church formed by Nazis in collaboration w/ some Protestants
Pastors=swore loyalty to Hitler
–>carried on w/ services as normal
Ludwig Muller-1933

67
Q

In the 1939 Nazi census, what percentage of Germans identified as Christian?

A

60%

68
Q

Who were the Edelweiss Pirates?

A

Gangs of working class kids who opposed Hitler

69
Q

What did the Edelweiss Pirates do in their opposition to the Nazis?

A 
meet up:
Play music-Jazz
Go on walks
Hand out leaflets
Wear American clothes
-America=influence
Hunt down members of Hitler Youth and beat them up
70
Q

When were the Edelweiss Pirates in action?

A

1938-1944

71
Q

How did the Nazis deal w/ the Edelweiss Pirates?

A

Many sent to conc. camps

1944–>12 hanged

72
Q

Who were the White Rose Group?

A

Group of university students who opposed Hitler
–>Hans and Sophie Scholl
(brother and sister)

73
Q

What did the White Rose Group do?

A 
Believed in justice
Wanted to make German people aware of atrocities carried out to minorities
Spread anti-Nazi methods:
Handed out leaflets
Wrote graffiti
74
Q

When were the White Rose Group active?

A

1942-1943

75
Q

What happened to the White Rose Group?

A 
Informer saw them handing out leaflets
-Hans and Sophie:
Arrested
Tortured
Executed
-->group disbanded
76
Q

Who organised the July Bomb plot?

A 
Group of upper-class army officers
-->Claus von Stauffenberg
77
Q

What was the July Bomb plot?

A

Opposed brutal methods
Operation Valkyrie-1944
-assassinating Hitler using bomb in briefcase
–>Went off but didn’t kill him

78
Q

When was the July Bomb Plot?

A

20 JUly 1944

79
Q

What happened to those involved with the July Bomb Plot?

A

~5000 arrested
executed
–>including von Stauffenberg

80
Q

What was Klaus von Stauffenberg’s relationship with the Nazis?

A

1930=supporter
Fought in WW2
–>Wounded
–>Suffering of army in Russia & brutality of SS pushed him to opposition

81
Q

What were the two aspects in which the Nazis controlled the German youth?

A

Education

Personal lives

82
Q

How did the Nazis control the youth of Germany through their education?

A 
Hitler=wanted children to idolise him
Nazification of text books and lessons
All teachers=Nazi approved
-Teachers who refused:
Sacked
OR
Conc. camps
Elite= Adolf Hitler schools
Strong focus on physical education
-->Strong race
Traditional gender roles:
Boys: 
boxing
strength focused excersize
maths 
science
-->Prepared for Army
Girls:
childcare
home-making
-->Prepared for home-making
Learnt about
- German history-injustices faced (e.g TofV)
- Superiority of Aryan race
- Jews & Communists= BAD
-->ALL SUPPORTED NAZI IDEAS
83
Q

How did the Nazis control the youth of Germany through their personal lives?

A

1926- Hitler youth for Boys
-Swore oath to H
Lots of strength building
Nazi ideas

League of German Maidens
Focus:
keeping fit
home-making

–> 1939= COMPULSORY

84
Q

When did Hitler form the Hitler Youth?

A

1926

85
Q

When did all youth clubs in Germany become under Hitler’s control?

A

1936

86
Q

When did the Hitler Youth and German League of Maidens become compulsory?

A

March 1939

87
Q

What did the Nazis expect of women?

A 
Aryan
Healthy & fit
Not slim 
(child-bearing)
Modest
Thrifty
Undemanding
Demure
Well behaved
-quiet
-polite
Moral
Reliant on husband
No make-up
Simple, plaited hair
No smoking
Focus:
KINDER
KIRCHE
KURCHE
88
Q

What are the three Ks that the Nazis expected women to focus on?

A

Kinder
-children
(lots of children- building Aryan race)

Kirche
-church
(must teach her family good morals)

Kurche
-cooking
(build Aryan race up strong and healthy)

89
Q

What were Nazi methods of imposing their expectations onto women?

A 
Women were sacked from jobs
-Men employed instead
Marriage loans:
-Encouraged marriage and house-wifery
Medal for having children
-Bronze=4
-Silver=6
-Gold=8+
-->v. respected
Women w/ genetic weakness sterilized
Restaurants banned women from smoking
Fashion looked down upon
-->Rejected American liberation of women
Slimming=unacceptable
90
Q

How many children did a woman need to get a bronze Motherhood Cross?

A

4

91
Q

How many children did a woman need to get a silver Motherhood Cross?

A

6

92
Q

How many children did a woman need to get a gold Motherhood Cross?

A

8

93
Q

What were the results of Nazi methods to control women?

A 
Marriages rose
Birth rate rose
Women wouldn't give up jobs easily
-would work for less
-->Employers wanted them
94
Q

What were the two plans for reducing unemployment in Nazi Germany?

A

The New Plan
-1933-1937

The Four year Plan
-1936-1940

95
Q

Who developed The New Plan?

A

Dr Schacht

-President of Reich bank

96
Q

When was The New Plan in action?

A

1933-1937

97
Q

When was The Four Year Plan in action?

A

-1936-1940

98
Q

What were the economical aims of the Nazis?

A

Self-sufficiency for Germany
Solve unemployment issue
Control workers
Economy=needed to be ready for war

99
Q

How did the Nazis work towards their aim of a self-sufficient Germany?

A

Invaded countries w/ raw materials
Maunfactured Volkswagen
-workers paid in installments
Four Year Plan

100
Q

How did the Nazis work towards their aim of solving the unemployment crisis?

A 
Rearmament
(ignored TofV)
-provided jobs
National Labour Force set up
-men aged 18-25 did labour jobs
Minorities sent to labour & conc. camps= recorded as employed 
Women=Forced to leave work
German Labour Front 
-organised public works programmes 
(e.g builiding motorways, school)
101
Q

How many Germans were unemployed in 1933?

A

5 mill.

102
Q

How did the Nazis work towards their aim of a controlling workers?

A

Strength Through Joy
-organised leisure activities
All workers=Member of German Labour Fron

103
Q

How did the Nazis work towards their aim of making the German economy ready for war?

A

Introduced conscription

-arms industry massively grew

104
Q

What was happening at Grafeneck Asylum?

A 
Vans of mentally ill patients were drove in
-Never came out
Killed
Mass cremations
Ashes used for fertiliser
105
Q

Who were considered ‘undesirable’ in Nazi Germany?

A 
Unemployed 
Unhealthy
Gypsies
Disabled
-physically
-mentally
Alcoholics
Tramps
Homosexuals
Prostitutes
Juvenile Delinquents
106
Q

How was propaganda used against the ‘untermensch’?

A

Stirred up resentment against ‘burdens’ of society

107
Q

What was the Sterilisation Law?

A

1933- allowed to sterilise people w/ illnesses
(as petty as ‘simple-mindedness)
–>term interpreted freely

108
Q

When was the Sterilisation Law passed?

A

July 1933

109
Q

How many people were forcibly sterilised between the year 1934-1945?

A

320000-350000

110
Q

Who started to be sent to concentration camps in 1936?

A 
Work shy
Tramps
Alcoholics
Prostitues
Homosexuals
Juvenile delinquents
111
Q

When did the Nazis start secretly euthanising the mentally ill?

A

1939

112
Q

Define persecution

A

The subjecting to of a race or group of people to cruel or unfair treatment becaus of who they are or what they believe in

113
Q

When did the Nazis introduce the boycott of Jewish shops?

What stage of attitudes to Jewish people was this?

A

1933

Non-violent discrimination

114
Q

What were the different stages of attitudes to Jews?

A

Long history of hatred

Non-violent discrimination

Lawful act

Outrght violence

Systematic extermination

115
Q

When were Jewish people banned from certain jobs?

What stage of attitudes to Jewish people was this?

A

1933

Non-violent discrimination

116
Q

When were Jewish and Aryan children prohibited from playing with each other?

What stage of attitudes to Jewish people was this?

A

1933

Non-violent discrimination

117
Q

When were the Nuremberg Laws passed?

What stage of attitudes to Jewish people was this?

A

1935

Lawful discrimination

118
Q

What did the Nuremberg Laws decree?

A

Jews=not allowed to marry Germans

Jews=can’t be German citizen

119
Q

When were Jews banned from owning businesses?

What stage of attitudes to Jewish people was this?

A

1938

Non-violent discrimination

120
Q

When was Kristallnacht?

What stage of attitudes to Jewish people was this?

A

November 9-10 1938

Outright violence
–>turning point

121
Q

When were Jews forced to wear the Star of David?

What stage of attitudes to Jewish people was this?

A

1938

Start of systematic extermination

122
Q

When were Jews forced to be home before nightfall?

What stage of attitudes to Jewish people was this?

A

1939

Lawful discrimination

123
Q

When were ghettos introduced for Jews?

What stage of attitudes to Jewish people was this?

A

1941

Lawful discrimination

124
Q

When did the Final Solution start?

What stage of attitudes to Jewish people was this?

A

1941

Systematic extermination

History- Nazi Germany (3 decks)

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