Weimar Republic, 1918-1933 Flashcards
Political problems facing Germany in 1918
- Govt lost war- people wanted new govt
- Foreign relations at low- no trade
- Small destruction of cities- govt have to sort out
- Kaiser abdicated- no one in charge- coalition govt
Economic problems facing Germany in 1918
- Economy collapsing- war time economy meant money spent on war, not on Germany itself
- War was expensive- Germany in debt
- German mark worth half of what it was before war
- Money needed to be spent on rebuilding cities
- Countries wouldn’t trade with Germany, so Germany couldn’t sell any goods
- Men injured or dead- couldn’t work
- Expensive to maintain military
Social problems facing Germany in 1918
- Money not spent on agriculture+ no trade- starvation
- British naval blockade- starvation
- Men injured/ dead- couldn’t work- no money for families
- Some houses destroyed- homelessness
- War based factories closed down- loss of jobs
Military problems facing Germany in 1918
- -Military wanted Kaiser- reputation
- Armed forces depleted- vulnerable
- Expensive to maintain military
- Military reduced to 8 million- unemployment
- Naval mutiny- refused to attack
Features of the Weimar constitution- democracy
- All men and women over 18 could vote
- No one person in complete control
- Many different views represented
- Elected, so no one could complain
- Lots of political parties due to proportional rep
Features of the Weimar constitution- organisation
- President every 7 years, Reichstag every 4 years
- President chose chancellor
- Easy to re-elect Reichstag
- President could dismiss elections
Features of the Weimar constitution- proportional representation
- Many parties could have their say
- No one could win majority- coalitions
Features of the Weimar constitution- article 48
- President could suspend democracy in emergency and rule alone
- President could do what is best
- Easy to assume dictatorship
Treaty of Versailles date
28th June 1919
Treaty of Versailles terms
Territorial: -Colonies given to allies- coal in Saar to France -No union with Austria (Anschluss) -Lost 13% of land Financial: -£6.6 billion reparations -Coal in Saar mined by France -Cattle and sheep given to France Military: -Army not exceed 100,000 -No tanks or submarines -Rhineland demilitarised League of Nations: -Denied access War guilt: -Article 231- accept blame
Effects of Treaty of Versailles
- Bad start for new govt
- Opponents of govt blamed them for signing armistice- November criminals
- Govt stabbed Germany in the back- dolchstoss
- Could not afford reparations
Political problems from the left facing Wiemar, 1918-1923
Left- Spartacists: -Communists lead by Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht- blamed govt for T of V
- Jan 1919- Communist activists seized power in Berlin and Baltic ports
- Independent socialist state created in Bavaria
- Revolts crushed in weeks by Freikorps (ex-soldiers)
- Leaders executed
Political problems from the right facing Wiemar, 1918-1923
Right- nationalists: -Saw govt as weak- defeat in war and T of V
- March 1920- Kapp Putsch- Group of Freikorps seized power in Berlin
- Not supported by factory workers- went on strike- supplies of gas, coal and water to Berlin stopped in hours
- Gave up after 4 days
Economic problems facing Wiemar, 1918-1923 -Ruhr
- 1922- Germany couldn’t pay reparations- asked more time
- Jan 1923- France and Belgium send troops to Ruhr, centre of German industry
- Army refused to fire on Freikorps
- German workers refused to work- industry stopped
Economic problems facing Wiemar, 1918-1923 -Hyperinflation causes
Causes-Germany borrowed money in WW1- debts
- Lost land in T of V- lost agriculture, workers and resources
- Loss of trade due to war guilt clause
- Reparations- debt- Germany fails to pay
- France invade Ruhr- strikes- drop in industry