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Nazi And Weimar Germany > Weimar Republic 1918-1929 > Flashcards

Weimar Republic 1918-1929 Flashcards

1
Q

What was the impact of the First World War on Germany?

A
  • 2million troops died and over 4million wounded with a total of 11million fighting
    -Government debt increase 50 billion marks to 150 billion marks
  • 750000+ Germans died due to food shortages
  • many striked and rioted due to unrest caused by this
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2
Q

When did Kaiser Wilhelm Abidicate?

A

10th November 1918

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3
Q

When was the German republic declared?

A

9th November 1918

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4
Q

What was the armistice and when was it signed?

A

11th of November 1918
It was the first major decision made by Eberts government and it was the peace that ended hostilities between the countries of the First World War. Also included the treaty of Versailles

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5
Q

Who was the first German president?

A

Fredrich Ebert

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6
Q

How was the government laid out in Weimar Germany?

A

Cabinet
- decision making Body of parliament

Chancellor
-head of the government in Weimar Republic
-chose all government ministers

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7
Q

How was parliament organised in Weimar Germany?

A

Parliament
-made up of two house reichstag and Reichs Rat
-all law had to pass through both houses
-proportional representation

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8
Q

Who could vote in Weimar Germany?

A

All men and women 21 and up.

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9
Q

What were the riechsrat and reichstag?

A

Made up the parliament.
Riechsrat:
-elected every 4 years
-each region sent a certain number of representatives based on its size
-represented the different regions of Germany

Reichstag:
-more powerful of the two houses
-controlled taxes
-directly elected by the people once very four years

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10
Q

What was the role of the president under the Weimar constitution?

A

-head of Weimar Republic
-elected by people every seven years
-chose chancellor
-could suspend the constitution and pass laws by presidential decree

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11
Q

What is proportional representation?

A

System that ensure smaller parties has a fair share of parliament, each party given one seat for every 60,000 votes in its favour.

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12
Q

What were some strengths of the Weimar constitution?

A

Strengths:
- Proportional representation ensured that smaller parties had a fair share of seats
- women able to vote
- voting age reduced from 25 to 21
- no group or person could hold too much power
- presidential election every 7 years
- central government had more power than before but local government still had power
-riechsrat could regulate Reichstag power by delaying laws

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13
Q

What were some weaknesses of the Weimar constitution?

A

Weaknesses:
- proportional representation led to unstable coalition governments that found it difficult to put forward strong policies and often fell apart
- lack of Styron government led to weakness in a crisis that ended with president Ebert passing law without the prior approval of the Reichstag (Article 48)
- people did not choose this and it was not popular

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14
Q

What was Article 48 of the Weimar constitution?

A

Stated that in a time of crisis the chancellor could ask the president to pass an nec law by decree without Reichstag support. By 1930 the chancellor regularly relied upon this rather than using Reichstag votes, violating the democratic rules.

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15
Q

Who were the ‘November Criminals’ ?

A

The name given to the leader of the new German republic who agreed to the treaty of Versailles as they surrender in November 1918 as where viewed as traitors.

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16
Q

What were the conditions of the treaty of Versailles?

A

L and
A rmy
M oney
B lame

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17
Q

What where the reparations Germany had to pay?

A

Part of the war guilt cause that made Germany bear the brunt of the blame for ww1, allies stayed they where entitled to reparations of £6.6 billion to be paid in yearly instalments to repair the damage in allied countries.

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18
Q

What were the military implications of the treaty of Versailles?

A
  • German army limited to 100,000
  • Naval forces limited to 6 battleships, 6 cruisers, 12 destroyer and 12 torpedo boats with no submarines
  • All planes destroyed no air force allowed
  • Rhineland demilitarised
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19
Q

What land did Germany loose as part of the treaty of Versailles?

A
  • Lost 13% of its European territory.
  • Alsace and Lorraine lost to France
  • Polish corridor, posen and west Prussia lost to Poland
  • Coalfields of the Saar lost
  • 11 colonies lost
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20
Q

What is the Dolchstoss/ stab in the back theory?

A

German never believed their army had been defeated in the war, many who criticised the treaty said that the army had been betrayed by politicians and they were ‘stabbed in the back’ and forced to surrender.

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21
Q

Who where the spartacists?

A

They were left wing extremists who came from and independent socialist party who wanted a people run Germany. They were led by Rosa Luxembourg and Karl Liebknecht with soviet backing.

22
Q

Who were the freikorps?

A

Extreme right wing group asked of ex-soldiers who kept their weapons, in March 1919 they numbered to 250,000 men. They held strong nationalistic and monarchist beliefs and believed in the power of the nation rather than the concerns of the individual. Led by Wolfgang Kapp.

23
Q

What and when was the spartacists revolt?

A

January 1919 -
Following the sacking of Emil Eichhorn, the chief of police who was very popular with the people, by Ebert the spartacists saw and opportunity to undermine the government. Spartacists took over the governments newspaper and telegraph bureau, and attempted to organise a general strike in Berlin. The Weimar government sent in the freikorps to settle the unrest resulting in the assassination of the spartacists leaders Luxembourg and Liebknecht.

24
Q

When and what was the kapp putsch?

A

March 1920
President Ebert’s government began to struggle to control the Freikorps who at this time numbered to 250,000 so ordered the freikorps to disband. This greatly angered the freikorps who had previously helped the government put down rebellions of their own. They took over Berlin and forced the government to flee unable to deal with the rebellion with force. The government urged worker of Berlin to strike bringing Berlin to a standstill stopping gas, electricity and water. Freikorps forced to stop.

25
Q

Why were political assassinations a concern for the weimar government?

A
  • Early year of republic there where 376 political assassinations
  • Right wing extremist used assassinations to weaken the new republic
  • conservative judge often sympathetic to the right wing cause and gave lenient sentences
26
Q

What was the price of bread in 1919, 1922 and 1923?

A

1919- 1 mark
1922- 100 marks
1923- 200,000 billion marks

27
Q

What was hyperinflation?

A

When the price of good increases spectacularly. Caused by the government printing money to deal with reprarations and the French invasion of the Ruhr.

28
Q

When and what was the French invasion of the Ruhr?

A

January 1923-
Germany, struggling to pay back the reparations, stopped paying reparations. This led to France invading the Ruhr to take the reparations in goods and raw materials as the Ruhr was where 80% of German coal, iron and steel was made. The workers in the Ruhr went on strike and the government began to compensate the workers for striking and for the loss of coal, iron and steel production by printing money.
November 1923- German mark is worthless

29
Q

What were some negative effects of hyperinflation?

A

Negative:
- people could not afford estimates such as bread
- wages rose but not as fast as food prices
- people with fixed incomes such as pensioners struggled the most
- saving ps became worthless (effected middle classes primarily)
- weiamer government unpopular as it was blamed

30
Q

What were the positive effects of hyper inflation?

A

Positive:
- farmers paid more for food
- businesses and people could pay off loan and mortgages
- fixed rents for rooms and shops were very cheap

31
Q

What was the rentenmark and when was it set up?

A
  • Set up in Nov 1923 by Gustavia stressman who set up the rentenbank and issued the rentenmark
  • Supply of notes was tightly controlled and it was linked o the price of good so had real value encouraging more public confidence
  • August 1924 reichsbank was given control and it was named the reichmark ended hyperinflation
32
Q

When and what was the Dawes plan?

A

1924:
- Charles Dawes American banker design pan so that Germany could pay its reparations
- Reparations temporarily reduced to £50 million a year
- US banks agreed to make loans to German industry and the allies felt more confident that they would get their payments

33
Q

When and what was the young plan?

A

August 1929:
- Reduced reparations from £6.6 billion to £2 billion
- Payment could be made over a longer period up until 1988
- Lower reparations meant lower taxes for German people
-

34
Q

Why did the Weimar Republic economy improve?

A
  • Industrial output doubled by 1928 and passed pre war levels
  • employment and trade increased
35
Q

Why were there still problems for the Weimar Republic after improving the economy?

A
  • Extreme political parties where still against paying reparations at all
  • Economic recovery dependant on American loans so still fragile
36
Q

How was Gustav Streseman successful?

A
  • Strengthened the German peoples confidence in the Weimar Republic
  • Reduced the support for extremist parties such as the nazis and communists due to people being content with their situations
  • In erased support for moderate parties
  • reduced economic hardships for the German people
37
Q

When and what was the Locarno pact?

A

1925:
- Germany agreed to its new border with France improving relations
- Allies and Germany agreed to permanent demilitarisation of the Rhineland

38
Q

Why was the Locarno pact a success for Germany?

A

Improved relations with France, it was not imposed on Germany unlike the TOV, increased the status and popularity of the Weimar Republic and boosted confidence in more moderate political parties.

39
Q

When and what was the League of Nations agreement?

A

1926:
League of nations was a new international body that hoped to discuss world problems to avoid resulting to war. Germany was initially excluded from it but later allowed to join in 1926.

40
Q

Why was Germanys entrance into the League of Nations successful?

A

Showed that German views counted and it boosted the German people’s confidence in the Weimar government.

41
Q

When and What was the Kellogg-Briand pact?

A

1928:
An agreement between 62 nations commiting countries to avoiding war as a means of settling disputes.

42
Q

Why was the Kellogg-Briand pact a sucess?

A

Showed that Germany was once again a major power, showed that moderate political parties could build Germanys international strength and increased public confidence in the Weimar party.

43
Q

Why was they still opposition to streseman?

A
  • Widely hated TOV terms still in place
  • League of Nations considered by some as a symbol of TOV
  • Some against new border with France
  • Still extremist parties
44
Q

How did housing improve after 1924?

A
  • 15% rent tax introduced to fund building associations
  • 1925 to 1929 101,000 homes built
  • Still housing shortage but there was an improvement
45
Q

How did wages and work improve after 1924?

A
  • Working hours reduced and wages rose
  • Working conditions improved
46
Q

What was Weimar policy on unemployment insurance after 1924?

A

3% of workers earnings taken to be put towards an insurance that would give them basic benefits in the event they became unemployed or sick.

47
Q

What were the conditions for women at work under the Weimar Republic?

A
  • Some gains woman had in equality that had been brought about by the war where lost
  • Drop in women working from 75% in 1918 to 36% in 1925
  • Few secured high status jobs
  • Professions such as teaching and medicine offered new opportunities to women
  • Women encouraged to attend universities
48
Q

What was leisure like for women under the Weimar Republic?

A
  • Greater earning power led to more financial independence for women
  • Women became more sexually liberated and less interested in marriage and starting a family
49
Q

How did the role of women in politics change under the Weimar government?

A
  • Women given vote in 1918 and could stand for elections
  • 90% of women turned up for elections
  • Article 109 of constitution stated that men and women had equal rights and could enter professions on an equal basis
  • Marriage was an equal partnership
50
Q

How did art change under the Weimar regime?

A

Artists painted every life to ensure everyone had access to their art, made art that commented on societal problems and prompted people to think.
Style of art called expressionism was popular as it was full of raw emotion and displayed the difficult parts of everyday life and confronted the disaster of World War One.
Artists included Otto Dix and George Grosz.

51
Q

How did cinema change under the Weimar Republic?

A

Expressionism flourished in film making especially in Weimar Germany due to lack of restrictions and they were popular as they challenged traditional cinema.
Marlene Dietrich was a popular German actress.

52
Q

How did architecture change under the Weimar government?

A

Bauhaus school set up in Weimar in 1919 by Walter Gropius who wanted to unite all the disciplines, was a very popular school that promoted unconventional and radical forms of art that challenged the traditional pre war styles of art.

Nazi And Weimar Germany (4 decks)

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