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EXCI 251 > Weight Management (Chapter 8) > Flashcards

Weight Management (Chapter 8) Flashcards

1
Q

Stats on Canadian health.

A

34% overweight
18% of women and 19% men are obese
2.0% are underweight
9% gain in obesity over past 25 years

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2
Q

Overweight?

A

a body weight that falls above the range associated with minimum mortality (weighing 10% or more over recommended weight or having a BMI over 25)

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3
Q

Obesity?

A

Severely overweight with an excess of body fat. Weighing 20% or more over recommended weight or having a BMI over 30

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4
Q

Health implications of obesity + overweight

A

> 33% rise in type 2 diabetes
21000 premature deaths annually in Canada
obesity is one of the 6 major controllable risk factors for heart disease
weight loss of only 5-10% –> can reduce the risk of certain medical conditions and increase life expectancy

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5
Q

health implications of obesity

A

2x healthy body weight can reduce life expectancy by 8-10 years

increased risk for:
CVD, hypertension, cancer, diabetes, gall bladder disease, joint diseases, skin problems, respiratory problems, impaired immune function & sleep disorders

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6
Q

Can someone be fat & fit?

A

Yes, lower body fat levels are preferred but it is possible to have higher and in some cases overfat or obese level of fat and still be considered fit

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7
Q

factors that contribute to excess body fat

A 
genetic factors
physiological factors 
Hormones
"yo-yo" dieting
lifestyle factors
eating patterns  
lifestyle physical activity 
psycho-social factors
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8
Q

Genetics factors?

A

influence body size and shape, fat distribution and metabolic rate (genetic obesity 25-40%). Tendency to develop obesity may be inherited but environmental factors also have an effect - need a balance between the two

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9
Q

metabolism

A

sum of all vital processes by which food energy and nutrients are made available to and used by the body

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10
Q

RMR

A

resting metabolic rate = energy required to maintain vital body functions - the largest component of metabolism

higher in: men, people with more muscle mass, people who exercise

lower in: women, people who are sedentary, people who lost weight

heredity also influences it

exercise (low to high intensity CV activities & muscular endurance activities - metabolically active muscle tissue)

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11
Q

food balance equations

A

energy in (food calories) = energy out (physical activity = 20-30%, food digestion +/- 10%, resting metabolism 65-70%)

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12
Q

Hormones

A

play a role in the accumulation of body fat

leptin is involved in the regulation of appetite and metabolic rate

Female hormonal changes affect amount & location of body fat

carbohydrate craving - low levels of serotonin

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13
Q

Canadians compared to 1991

A

> 400 more calories a day
approx 50 g more of refined and simple carbs
eat out more oftern

more CHO, fat, same protein, larger portions, more sugar, more calories

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14
Q

Eating patterns

A

people tend to underestimate how much they eat and overestimate how much they expend energy

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15
Q

Lifestyle activity

A

60% connection between overweight and watching TV
activity level has declines
27% of sedentary men are overweight compared to 20% of active men

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16
Q

Psycho-social factors

A

eating = means of coping for some
cultural and family influences
women tend to be obese at lower income levels and men obese at higher income levels

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17
Q

What do you do for successful weight management?

A

Most weight problems are lifestyle problems. analyze and adjust habits - diet and eating habits, daily physical activity, thoughts, attitudes and emotions and coping strategies

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18
Q

Diet and eating habits?

A 
total calories = choose an appropriate energy intake to balance your energy expenditure 
- calorie needs varies for each individual based on heredity, age, daily activity habits, fitness level...
eg 1600 (sedentary women and older adults) 2800 (teenage boys and very active individuals)
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19
Q

Low energy density

A

heavy, but low in calories

vegetables, fruits, high fibre foods

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20
Q

Fat calories?

A

easily converted to body fat
low fat burners - convert dietary fat to body fat
keep total fat intake moderate and limit intake of saturated and trans fats

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21
Q

Carbohydrates?

A

emphasize whole grains, vegetables, fruits and other high fiber foods
limit foods in refined carbs, added sugars and easily digestible starch (causes blood sugar & hunger fluctuations, increase CVD risk and diabetes)

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22
Q

proteins?

A

meet normal requirements of total daily grams of protein based on body weight or elevated endurance needs
high in protein - usually high in fat

23
Q

What types of food should you consume?

A

foods with high nutrient density and low energy density

24
Q

servings? (CFG)

A

grains - 5-12
vegetables and fruits - 5-10
milk products - adults 2-4
meat and alternatives - 2-3

25
Q

Physical activity

A

increase daily physical activity to at least 30 mins per day - to lose weight > 60 mins a day
to maintain weight loss 60-90+

26
Q

types of exercise?

A

CV type endurance exercise burns more calories compared to other forms
calories are burned during the exercise period and the recovery period

strength training builds muscle mass - more muscle tissues can increase metabolic rate

27
Q

Exercise

A

The number of calories burned varies according to the type of exercise, intensity, duration and weight of the body being moved

28
Q

high intensity exercise

A

burns more cals/min but it is usually performed for fewer minutes - may not be as sustainable are moderate intensity exercise over time

injury risk increased

29
Q

Physical Activity - intensity

A

> 30 mins moderate intensity exercise most days

low-intensity = more energy burned from fat

high intensity = more energy burned from CHO

30
Q

What about “thoughts about yourself”?

A

images of the “ideal” self can promote and reinforce low self esteem - criticism
self-talk: a person’s internal comments and discussion
realistic “self talk”: more balanced, promotes more accurate and positive & motivating beliefs

31
Q

Coping strategies?

A

deal with stress by overeating
food can provide comfort/distraction

analyze your eating habits to ensure that you are using food properly

32
Q

how to overcome a weight problem?

A 
do it yourself
diet books
supplements
programs
prescription drugs
surgery
psychological helo
33
Q

When you do it yourself

A

dont try to lose more than 0.25-1 kg per week (daily negative energy balance of 250-1000 per week max)

cut calorie intake with physical activity to develop an effective lifestyle change
loss of 8-10% body weight in 6 months

34
Q

rate of weight loss?

A

initial weight loss is larger - water weight - can cause approx a 5-10 pound weight loss in the first week
after about week 3 - weight loss will slow down

35
Q

Maintaining weight?

A

only 10-15% of people who lost weight will maintain it - therefore choose strategies that help long term

36
Q

Diet books?

A

only accept books that demonstrate strategies that are supported by research and common sense: balanced diet of normal foods and exercise

37
Q

Low carbohydrate diet?

A

not safe long term - hight fat/protein diets may lead to heart disease, cancer…

38
Q

low fat diet

A

should focus on nutrient dense foods, especially whole grains-fruits and vegetables

39
Q

what makes a diet plan effective?

A

realistic food choices, eating habits, portion control habits, in authentic food situations faced in your own daily life (no shakes, food bars…)

40
Q

how to be successful in long-term weight loss?

A

track food intake

engage in > 60 mins physical activity a day

41
Q

what makes a weight loss program safe?

A

diet is safe and balanced, promotes slow/steady weight loss, includes plans for weight maintenance, provides info on fees/costs, social support options

42
Q

Dietary supplements

A

subject to fewer regulations than over the counter meds
ingredients and purity are variable
not proven safe/effective - most likely representations are falso

43
Q

Who needs prescription weight loss drugs?

A
  • they affect mood and apetite and can lead to moderate weight loss but have risks and side effects

only recommended for people who are unable to lose weight after a lifestyle change of 6 months (without other medical conditions + BMI>30, with 2+ medical conditions + BMI > 27)

44
Q

Surgery?

A

may be recommended for people with a BMI >40 or >35 + other risk factors

weight loss - 40-70% of total body weight in a year - must be part of a lifestyle plan

45
Q

body image

A

mental representation a person holds about her or his body
perceptions, images, thoughts, attitudes and emotions

media - negative body image for men and women

different cultures have different ideals

46
Q

Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)

A

related to OCD, can lead to depression, social phobia, suicide

47
Q

Muscle Dysmorphia

A

distorted body image - affected people perceive themselves as small and underdeveloped muscles (body builders, men)

48
Q

Eating disorder

A

disturbance in eating patterns and behaviours related to an unrealistically negative body image + inaccurate body weight or body fat assessment
affects females more than males

49
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

fear of gaining weight/becoming fat
BDD
severe medical complications - muscles wasting, heart damage, death

50
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

secret episodes of binge eating + purging

overeating and then vomiting/excessive exercise to prevent weight gain

binge-purge cycles have tremendous stress on the body

51
Q

signs of bulimia

A 
eat very quickly 
eat until uncomfortably full
eat when not hungry
eats alone
lack of control over eating

feelings of guilt/shame/depression

52
Q

How to treat eating disorders?

A

Deal with the medical aspect, then deal with psychology
stabilize eating & exercise habits
change behaviour patterns and thoughs with therapy/meds

53
Q

Energy balance

A

food intake vs energy output

to lost one pound - 3500 calories a week

1/2 pound - 250 a day

2 pounds - 1000 a day

Neutral, positive (consumed>output) & negative (consumed

EXCI 251 (5 decks)

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