Cardiovascular Disease (Chapter 10) Flashcards
CVD
disease of the heart and blood vessels
leading cause of death among north americas (1/3 of canadians will die of CVD)
Major risk factors of CVD
tobacco, high blood pressure, unhealthy cholesterol levels, physical inactivity, obesity, diabetes
contributing factors CVD
triglyceride levels, psychological and social factors & drug use
Major CVD risk factors that can be changed
- tobacco use/exposure (1/5 deaths, 2-4x more likely to develop CVD, >70% chance of dying of CVD)
- high blood pressure (hypertension). increases heart’s workload, damaging arteries & reducing their elasticity, increasing risk of heart attack, stroke, kidney failure & blindness
(silent killer) - cholesterol levels (LDL= bad –> excess amounts deposited in artery walls, increasing inflammation, artery damage & blockage) (HDL = good)
- physical INACTIVITY
- Obesity
- diabetes
systole & diastole?
sys = pressure when heart contracts dys = pressure when heart relaxes
Normal blood pressure
120/80 (s/d)
pre-hypertension
120-139/80-89
hypertension stage I
140-159/90-99
hypertension stage II
> 160/>100
How to reduce HBP?
exercise, weight loss, moderation of alcohol intake, healthy diet (>1 tsp salt a day, potassium & fibre increased to recommended levels)
what is cholesterol?
a fatty waxy substance that circulates in the blood and is part of many physiological components. IT is produces in the liver ad consumed in food…levels can be imroved by reducing LDL and increasing HDL
distribution of fat?
apple shape = fat that collects in the torso is more dangerous than fat that collects in the hips (pear shape_
what is diabetes?
disruption of glucose metabolism. Diabetes & pre-diabetes significantly increases risk of CVD
triglycerides?
blood fats obtained from food & manufactured by the reliable predictor of CVD, alone/+ other factors. contributing factors: excess body fat, inactivity, smoking, type 2 diabetes, excess alcohol intake, very high carbohydrate diet.
major risk factors that cannot be changed?
heredity, aging (heart attack risk increases significantly after 65, stroke incidence increases 30% after 55), being male, inflammation & ethnicity (canada: first nations, inuit (3x), european & south asian origin have a high CVD risk)
what is insulin resistance syndrom?
diagnosed when there are groupings of the following risk factors: abdominal obseity, HBP, high triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, high blood glucose
women & CVD
1/3 cdn women die from CVD, about 1/34 die from breast cancer
at younger ages, women are naturally protected from CVD (estrogen)
major forms of CVD
artherosclerosis hypertension heart disease & heart attacks stroke congestive heart failure
Atherosclerosis
a form of arteriosclerosis where arteries are narrowed by deposits of fat, cholesterol, and other substances called plaques
Artery damage causes inflammation and formation of plaque, artery loses elasticity, heart works harder
Once narrowed, hardened by plaque, artery is vulnerable to blockage by blood clots
blockage in arteries = heart attack
blockage in brain = stroke
heart attack
Damage to, or death of, heart muscle, possibly from a clot -sometimes resulting in a failure of the heart to deliver enough blood to the body; myocardial infarction.
angina pectoris
the heart muscle does not receive enough blood, is overloaded causing severe pain in the chest and often in central chest, left arm and shoulder, back.
arrhythmia
disruption in electrical impulses causing irregularity in the forceorrhythmof the heartbeat.
ventricular fibrillation: weak, ineffective heart contractions
sudden cardiac death
A non-traumatic, unexpected death from sudden cardiac arrest, most often due to arrhythmia (and underlying heart disease). AutoExtDefibrillator can correct rhythm.
how to diagnose heart disease?
exercise stress test (with ECG monitoring),MRI, echocardiogram & angiogram
