Cardiovascular Disease (Chapter 10) Flashcards
CVD
disease of the heart and blood vessels
leading cause of death among north americas (1/3 of canadians will die of CVD)
Major risk factors of CVD
tobacco, high blood pressure, unhealthy cholesterol levels, physical inactivity, obesity, diabetes
contributing factors CVD
triglyceride levels, psychological and social factors & drug use
Major CVD risk factors that can be changed
- tobacco use/exposure (1/5 deaths, 2-4x more likely to develop CVD, >70% chance of dying of CVD)
- high blood pressure (hypertension). increases heart’s workload, damaging arteries & reducing their elasticity, increasing risk of heart attack, stroke, kidney failure & blindness
(silent killer) - cholesterol levels (LDL= bad –> excess amounts deposited in artery walls, increasing inflammation, artery damage & blockage) (HDL = good)
- physical INACTIVITY
- Obesity
- diabetes
systole & diastole?
sys = pressure when heart contracts dys = pressure when heart relaxes
Normal blood pressure
120/80 (s/d)
pre-hypertension
120-139/80-89
hypertension stage I
140-159/90-99
hypertension stage II
> 160/>100
How to reduce HBP?
exercise, weight loss, moderation of alcohol intake, healthy diet (>1 tsp salt a day, potassium & fibre increased to recommended levels)
what is cholesterol?
a fatty waxy substance that circulates in the blood and is part of many physiological components. IT is produces in the liver ad consumed in food…levels can be imroved by reducing LDL and increasing HDL
distribution of fat?
apple shape = fat that collects in the torso is more dangerous than fat that collects in the hips (pear shape_
what is diabetes?
disruption of glucose metabolism. Diabetes & pre-diabetes significantly increases risk of CVD
triglycerides?
blood fats obtained from food & manufactured by the reliable predictor of CVD, alone/+ other factors. contributing factors: excess body fat, inactivity, smoking, type 2 diabetes, excess alcohol intake, very high carbohydrate diet.
major risk factors that cannot be changed?
heredity, aging (heart attack risk increases significantly after 65, stroke incidence increases 30% after 55), being male, inflammation & ethnicity (canada: first nations, inuit (3x), european & south asian origin have a high CVD risk)
what is insulin resistance syndrom?
diagnosed when there are groupings of the following risk factors: abdominal obseity, HBP, high triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, high blood glucose
women & CVD
1/3 cdn women die from CVD, about 1/34 die from breast cancer
at younger ages, women are naturally protected from CVD (estrogen)
major forms of CVD
artherosclerosis hypertension heart disease & heart attacks stroke congestive heart failure
Atherosclerosis
a form of arteriosclerosis where arteries are narrowed by deposits of fat, cholesterol, and other substances called plaques
Artery damage causes inflammation and formation of plaque, artery loses elasticity, heart works harder
Once narrowed, hardened by plaque, artery is vulnerable to blockage by blood clots
blockage in arteries = heart attack
blockage in brain = stroke
heart attack
Damage to, or death of, heart muscle, possibly from a clot -sometimes resulting in a failure of the heart to deliver enough blood to the body; myocardial infarction.
angina pectoris
the heart muscle does not receive enough blood, is overloaded causing severe pain in the chest and often in central chest, left arm and shoulder, back.
arrhythmia
disruption in electrical impulses causing irregularity in the forceorrhythmof the heartbeat.
ventricular fibrillation: weak, ineffective heart contractions
sudden cardiac death
A non-traumatic, unexpected death from sudden cardiac arrest, most often due to arrhythmia (and underlying heart disease). AutoExtDefibrillator can correct rhythm.
how to diagnose heart disease?
exercise stress test (with ECG monitoring),MRI, echocardiogram & angiogram
stroke
An impeded blood supply to some part of the brain resulting in the destruction of brain cells and problems with nerve function.
Strokes can damage nerves and cause paralysis, walking disability, speech impairment, or memory loss depending on affected area of brain
ischemic stroke
80%, caused by blcokage in the artery (due to artherosclerosis or arrhythmia)
Hemorrhagic stroke
(20%) caused by ruptured blood vessel
Congestive heart failure
condition resulting from the heart’s inability to pump out all the blood that returns to it. Caused by high blood pressure, heart attack, atherosclerosis, rheumatic fever, birth defects, etc. Blood backs up in the veins leading to the heart and fluid seeps into the tissues, causing an accumulation of fluid in various parts of the body (lungs, ankles, legs, etc.)
how to protect yourself against cardiovascular disease?
food choices & quantities. decrease fat and cholesterol intake, increase fibre (40-50% reduction in heart attack)
soluble fibre?
traps bile acids and carries them to the bowel for excretion - the liver manufactures less cholesterol due to a lack of bile acid
insoluble fibre
interferes with the absorption of dietary fat - increases feelings of fullness - lowers food intake
foods for prevention and protection
omega 3 fatty acids, folic acid, vitamins B6 & B12, plant stanols & sterols, soy protein, calcium
