Cardiovascular Disease (Chapter 10)

Question 1

CVD

Answer 1

disease of the heart and blood vessels

leading cause of death among north americas (1/3 of canadians will die of CVD)

Question 2

Major risk factors of CVD

Answer 2

tobacco, high blood pressure, unhealthy cholesterol levels, physical inactivity, obesity, diabetes

Question 3

contributing factors CVD

Answer 3

triglyceride levels, psychological and social factors & drug use

Question 4

Major CVD risk factors that can be changed

Answer 4

1. tobacco use/exposure (1/5 deaths, 2-4x more likely to develop CVD, >70% chance of dying of CVD)
2. high blood pressure (hypertension). increases heart’s workload, damaging arteries & reducing their elasticity, increasing risk of heart attack, stroke, kidney failure & blindness
   (silent killer)
3. cholesterol levels (LDL= bad –> excess amounts deposited in artery walls, increasing inflammation, artery damage & blockage) (HDL = good)
4. physical INACTIVITY
5. Obesity
6. diabetes

Question 5

systole & diastole?

Answer 5

sys = pressure when heart contracts
dys = pressure when heart relaxes

Question 6

Normal blood pressure

Answer 6

120/80 (s/d)

Question 7

pre-hypertension

Answer 7

120-139/80-89

Question 8

hypertension stage I

Answer 8

140-159/90-99

Question 9

hypertension stage II

Answer 9

> 160/>100

Question 10

How to reduce HBP?

Answer 10

exercise, weight loss, moderation of alcohol intake, healthy diet (>1 tsp salt a day, potassium & fibre increased to recommended levels)

Question 11

what is cholesterol?

Answer 11

a fatty waxy substance that circulates in the blood and is part of many physiological components. IT is produces in the liver ad consumed in food…levels can be imroved by reducing LDL and increasing HDL

Question 12

distribution of fat?

Answer 12

apple shape = fat that collects in the torso is more dangerous than fat that collects in the hips (pear shape_

Question 13

what is diabetes?

Answer 13

disruption of glucose metabolism. Diabetes & pre-diabetes significantly increases risk of CVD

Question 14

triglycerides?

Answer 14

blood fats obtained from food & manufactured by the reliable predictor of CVD, alone/+ other factors. contributing factors: excess body fat, inactivity, smoking, type 2 diabetes, excess alcohol intake, very high carbohydrate diet.

Question 15

major risk factors that cannot be changed?

Answer 15

heredity, aging (heart attack risk increases significantly after 65, stroke incidence increases 30% after 55), being male, inflammation & ethnicity (canada: first nations, inuit (3x), european & south asian origin have a high CVD risk)

Question 16

what is insulin resistance syndrom?

Answer 16

diagnosed when there are groupings of the following risk factors: abdominal obseity, HBP, high triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, high blood glucose

Question 17

women & CVD

Answer 17

1/3 cdn women die from CVD, about 1/34 die from breast cancer
at younger ages, women are naturally protected from CVD (estrogen)

Question 18

major forms of CVD

Answer 18

artherosclerosis
hypertension
heart disease & heart attacks
stroke
congestive heart failure

Question 19

Atherosclerosis

Answer 19

a form of arteriosclerosis where arteries are narrowed by deposits of fat, cholesterol, and other substances called plaques
Artery damage causes inflammation and formation of plaque, artery loses elasticity, heart works harder
Once narrowed, hardened by plaque, artery is vulnerable to blockage by blood clots
blockage in arteries = heart attack
blockage in brain = stroke

Question 20

heart attack

Answer 20

Damage to, or death of, heart muscle, possibly from a clot -sometimes resulting in a failure of the heart to deliver enough blood to the body; myocardial infarction.

Question 21

angina pectoris

Answer 21

the heart muscle does not receive enough blood, is overloaded causing severe pain in the chest and often in central chest, left arm and shoulder, back.

Question 22

arrhythmia

Answer 22

disruption in electrical impulses causing irregularity in the forceorrhythmof the heartbeat.
ventricular fibrillation: weak, ineffective heart contractions

Question 23

sudden cardiac death

Answer 23

A non-traumatic, unexpected death from sudden cardiac arrest, most often due to arrhythmia (and underlying heart disease). AutoExtDefibrillator can correct rhythm.

Question 24

how to diagnose heart disease?

Answer 24

exercise stress test (with ECG monitoring),MRI, echocardiogram & angiogram

Question 25

stroke

Answer 25

An impeded blood supply to some part of the brain resulting in the destruction of brain cells and problems with nerve function.
Strokes can damage nerves and cause paralysis, walking disability, speech impairment, or memory loss depending on affected area of brain

Question 26

ischemic stroke

Answer 26

80%, caused by blcokage in the artery (due to artherosclerosis or arrhythmia)

Question 27

Hemorrhagic stroke

Answer 27

(20%) caused by ruptured blood vessel

Question 28

Congestive heart failure

Answer 28

condition resulting from the heart’s inability to pump out all the blood that returns to it. Caused by high blood pressure, heart attack, atherosclerosis, rheumatic fever, birth defects, etc. Blood backs up in the veins leading to the heart and fluid seeps into the tissues, causing an accumulation of fluid in various parts of the body (lungs, ankles, legs, etc.)

Question 29

how to protect yourself against cardiovascular disease?

Answer 29

food choices & quantities. decrease fat and cholesterol intake, increase fibre (40-50% reduction in heart attack)

Question 30

soluble fibre?

Answer 30

traps bile acids and carries them to the bowel for excretion - the liver manufactures less cholesterol due to a lack of bile acid

Question 31

insoluble fibre

Answer 31

interferes with the absorption of dietary fat - increases feelings of fullness - lowers food intake

Question 32

foods for prevention and protection

Answer 32

omega 3 fatty acids, folic acid, vitamins B6 & B12, plant stanols & sterols, soy protein, calcium