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HEALTH SCI 1001 > Weight management and obesity > Flashcards

Weight management and obesity Flashcards

1
Q

What is first people language in relation to weight managment and obesity?

A

The standard respectfully addressing people with chronic disease, rather than labelling them by their illness
(The boy with obesity was riding his bike → proper language)

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2
Q

What percentage of adults report that they live with overweight?

A

54%

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3
Q

What percentage in Canada report that they live with obesity?

A

18%

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4
Q

What percent of males and what percent of females will be classified as having overweight or obesity?

A

70% males, 50% females

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5
Q

What was discussed in the video from Obesity Canada?

A

That obesity is a condition characterized by abnormal/ excessive fat accumulation that impairs health
Wight bias can increase morbidity and mortality, causes inequities in employment, healthcare and education
In August of 2020 the obesity guidelines (most recent and quality based) (guidelines adapted and adopted by countries) released from obesity Canada described as a chronic disease

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6
Q

What is Canadien clinical practice guidelines?

A

describes an approach on obesity which focuses on health rather than weight loss, moreover how a persons excess body fat affects their health

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7
Q

Who is Ian Patton? What did he share in his report?

A

Ian patton is director of advocacy and public engagment, obesity Canada

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8
Q

What is the role of Obesity Canada?

A

Obesity Canada stands at the forefront of obesity management in Canada, leading the way with evidence-informed resources, comprehensive guidelines, and a commitment to improvising the lives of Canadians effected by obesity.

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9
Q

What is obesity pathogenesis?

A

Involves complex, biological, psychosocial, and environmental factors. Suggests that body weight is meticulously regulated by the brain.

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10
Q

What are examples of obesity treatment options?

A

Psychological interventions, pharmacological therapy and bariatric surgery

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11
Q

True or false, obesity is a chronic disease.

A

true

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12
Q

True or false weight discrimmination includes actions such as verbal, physical and relational

A

True

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13
Q

True or false, Ian Patton discusses how healthcare workers provide accessable equipment and facilities and always accurate advice about weight loss.

A

False, Inaccessible equipment and facilities
Embarrassment about being weighed
Unsolicited advice about losing weight
Receiving inappropriate comments about their weight
Being treated disrespectfully because of their weight

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14
Q

True or false, Obesity is a widespread problem, in health systems, workplaces and social media

A

True

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15
Q

What percent of elementary school kids with obesity face a higher chance of being bullied?

A

63%

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16
Q

What percentage of adults with obesity report being stigmatized by coworkers?

A

54%

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17
Q

What percentage of adults with obesity report experiencing weight bias from a health care professional?

A

64%

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18
Q

What percentage of social media images and videos stigmatized persons with obesity according to recent media studies?

A

72% and 77%

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19
Q

What did HBO:stigma (the human cost of obesity) documentary talk about?

A

Individuals speak about their experiences with obesity and the discrimination they have faced. Discrimmination such as pervasive bias, relational victimization, cyberbullying, bias at home, bias at the doctors office, bias in the workplace, economic hardships.

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20
Q

Which gender is more vulnerable to weight bias?

A

Women

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21
Q

True or false, there are federal laws that prohibit weight discrimination.

A

False

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22
Q

True or false, in Canada overweight and obesity have steadily increased among children.

A

True

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23
Q

What percentage of children and youth in overweight or obese categories compared to 1978/1979?

A

~1 in 3 (31.4%) children and youth in overweight or obese categories (11.7%), compared to ~ 1 in 4 (23.3%) in 1978/79

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24
Q

What is the ratio of individuals that classified in the obese category?

A

1 in 7

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25
Q

True or false, obesity in childhood tracks to adulthood.

A

True

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26
Q

What are the causes of childhood obesity?

A

complex interactions between a child and their environment, associated with many personal, social, environmental, and political factors.

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27
Q

What is the order of socio-ecological model of childhood obesity?

A

National policies, community, school, neighbourhood, family and peers, parents and child

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28
Q

What was the weight nation video on?

A

Suggested that children that are obese are much more likely to become obese as adults. Due to social media influences that portray obesity.

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29
Q

What did the weight nation video suggest about heart disease and diabetes in correlation to obesity?

A

Can lead to heart disease and diabetes in their mid 30s (insulin levels can spike, leading to diabetes).

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30
Q

True or false, according to the documentaries watched in class having a television in the bedroom has found to be associated with obesity.

A

True

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31
Q

What is health intervention for obesity?

A

Act performed for, with, or on behalf of a person or population whose purpose is to assess, improve, maintain, promote, or modify, functioning, or health conditions

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32
Q

What is the purpose of childhood obesity interventions?

A

successful in the prevention and management of childhood obesity, multicomponent lifestyle programmes and strategies can be effective in reducing childhood obesity.

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33
Q

What is the Joseph story?

A

an 11 year old boy struggling with weight, he was sent to a summer weight loss program. Most of the kids lost weight. He gained the weight back. This shows that weight loss is not the path to success there are much more factors associated with lifestyle perhaps.

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34
Q

What is the project description of the lifestyle intervention for children with obesity?

A

Community- and family-based program for children with obesity and their families
2-year pilot project funded by The Lawson Foundation (2008-2010)
Evaluates something new

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35
Q

Give an example of community partnerships with obesity.

A

YMCA of Western ontario, Middlesex-London Health Unit, Children’s, hospital of Western Ontario.

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36
Q

What is the purpose CHAMP? What are their specific outcomes?

A

to develop, implement, and assess the effectiveness for children with obesity and their families, their specific objective is to increase physical activity behaviour during and after the intervention and to improve physiological and psychological outcomes, as well as dietary patterns and self-efficacy.

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37
Q

What are some examples of participant recruitment?

A

Physician referrals, newspaper articles and ads, radio interviews and ads, television interviews and posters displayed in community settings.

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38
Q

What is CHAMP?

A

A lifestyle intervention for children with obesity

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39
Q

What was the participant group in CHAMP?

A

Year 1 (2008) - 15 children (8 females, 7 males), ages 8-14. Year 2 (2009) - 25 children (12 females, 13 males), ages 10-12.

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40
Q

Within the CHAMP participants, what was the specific requirement for BMI?

A

Body Mass Index (BMI) > 95th percentile for age and sex

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41
Q

Describe the CHAMP intervention?

A

4-week group-based (more likely to change behaviours with social support) lifestyle intervention (August 2008 & 2009)
Monday – Friday 9am-4pm (children)
Saturday family sessions 10am-2pm (guardians)
Monthly post-intervention support – “Booster Sessions”

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42
Q

Which kinds of services throughout the week does CHAMP provide?

A

Week 1: Sports Week
Week 2: Healthy Eating Around the Clock
Week 3: Olympic Week
Week 4: Adventure Week
*strives to incorportte, aerobic activities, resistance-training activities, sports or fitness-based activities, nutrition sessions, educational sessions…

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43
Q

What were the main research components of CHAMP?

A

1) Initial Meeting (Western University)
* Letter of Information, Assent, Consent
* Demographic questionnaire
* Quality of Life (PedsQL 4.0)—child and parent reports
* Acticals (worn for 7 days)
* DXA Scan (body composition)

2) Bloodwork and Physical Assessment (Children’s Hospital)
* Fasting bloodwork (glucose, insulin, lipid panel)
* Physical Assessment (medical clearance)

3) Phone Conversation with C.H.A.M.P. Dietitian
o Child’s Self-Efficacy Towards Healthy Living Questionnaire

4) First Day of C.H.A.M.P.
o Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children (PAQ-C)
o Fitness testing (Cooper 12 minute walk test)

5) Mid-C.H.A.M.P. Assessments
o Weekly fidelity checks (children/guardians)
o Cohesion/perceptions of belongingness

6) Focus Group Interviews
o Conducted after the 4-week program
o Separate focus groups for children and parents were conducted to
explore and discuss the perceived impact of C.H.A.M.P.

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44
Q

After CHAMP was there a significant increase or decrease in physical activity self-efficacy as a part of the results?

A

Significant ↑ in physical activity self-efficacy (6 months) (Burke et al., 2015)

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45
Q

After CHAMP as a result was there a significant increase or decrease in muscle mass and body fat percentage?

A

Significant ↑ in muscle mass and ↓ in body fat percentage (post-intervention) (Burke et al., 2015)

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46
Q

After CHAMP as a result was there a significant increase or decrease in children’s self-reported physical, social and emotional quality of life? What was the duration of these qualities?

A

Significant ↑ in children’s self-reported physical (6 months), social (6 months),
and emotional (12 months) quality of life (Burke et al., 2015)

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47
Q

In CHAMP what were the results of parental involvement? What was the mean child vs parent attendance?

A

Mean child (91%) vs. parent (69%) attendance (Burke et al., 2015)
Some parents expressed a desire for more involvement in the program (e.g., “…There should be a C.H.A.M.P camp for parents!”)

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48
Q

What were the results from the focus group of children’s perspectives and personal impact?

A

Not feeling like they are alone
Group Dynamics and team impact
Future recommendations and higher self-esteem

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49
Q

What are parental roles and influences of the parent-focused lifestyle intervention for children with obesity?

A

Primary decision makers about household food and meals
Children learn lifestyle behaviours from their parents
Parenting and feeding styles can influence children’s weight

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50
Q

What are the parent-focused interventions of CHAMP?

A

Interventions targeting parents exclusively have been found to be at least as effective
as child-only or parent-child interventions
Parent-focused interventions may also be more costeffective than traditional family-based interventions

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51
Q

What is CHAMP families?

A

A 13-week pilot intervention offered to parents and caregivers of children aged 6-14 years with overweight and obesity (i.e., BMI > 85th percentile for age and sex) in London, Ontario

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52
Q

What is the group-based (parent-only) component of CHAMP?

A

8, 90-minute group-based health education sessions for parents at a local YMCA
Content delivered by researchers, health professionals, and community organizations
-evidence based and has a comprehensive curriculum

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53
Q

What is the home-based component of CHAMP?

A

2, group-based “C.H.A.M.P. Families Booster Sessions” at 3- and 6-month post intervention
Reiteration of intervention education related to healthy eating and physical activity in a fun, family-oriented, structured environment

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54
Q

What is the purpose and impact of CHAMP families?

A

To assess the impact on Children’s health-related quality of life, analyzes children BMI, and parental self-efficacy for supporting children health behaviours. Mostly a focus group with parents are children.

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55
Q

How were parents recruited in CHAMP?

A

via multiple strategies: radio and newspaper advertisements and physician referrals, posters and social media.

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56
Q

In CHAMP how was data collected?

A

1.Baseline
2.Mid-intervention
3.Post intervention
4.6-month follow up

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57
Q

What were the results from the data collection?

A

Participants at baseline (n=11 parents)
Drop-out (n=1 parent)
Missing data (n=1)
Data collection complete (n=9 parents)

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58
Q

Given the demographic information, What is the mean age?

A

41.5 years, SD= 6.1

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59
Q

Given the demographic results what is the percentage of females?

A

8 (88.9%)

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60
Q

Given the demographic information, what is the percentage of white/caucasian?

A

7 (77.9%)

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61
Q

Given the demographic information, what is the percentage of married?

A

6 (66.7%)

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62
Q

Given the demographic information, what is the percentage of people with a university degree?

A

5 (55.6%)

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63
Q

Given the demographic information what is the percentage of employed, full time individuals?

A

5(55.6%)

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64
Q

What were the results from BMI-Z and parental self-efficacy?

A

All but one C.H.A.M.P. Families participant experienced small improvements in child BMI-z and parental SE from baseline to post-intervention
Overall, changes were not maintained 6-months after the intervention

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65
Q

True or false, based on the results from the focus groups in CHAMP, Parents were more confident in their role as “primary agent-ofchange”

A

True

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66
Q

True or false, based on the results from the focus groups in CHAMP, Parents found it challenging to communicate with children about their weight and health behaviours and expressed a need for practical tools and strategies

A

True

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67
Q

True or false, based on the results from the focus groups in CHAMP, parents said that they would have liked more child involvement

A

True

68
Q

What are the key components of a successful weight management lifestyle?

A

Proper nutrition, adequate physical activity, and stress management.

69
Q

What is body composition divided into?

A

Fat-free mass (non-fat tissues like bones, muscles, organs) and body fat.

70
Q

What is subcutaneous fat, and why is it important?

A

The fat just beneath the skin, critical for normal body functioning, including protection against diseases.

71
Q

True or False: Ectopic fat is stored around internal organs.

A

False. Ectopic fat is located on or within organs, like the liver, heart, and brain.

72
Q

How many calories are equivalent to one kilogram of body fat?

A

7000 calories.

73
Q

Define energy balance in terms of weight maintenance.

A

When energy intake equals energy expenditure, maintaining current body weight.

74
Q

True or False: A negative energy balance means consuming more calories than are burned.

A

False. A negative energy balance means eating fewer calories than burned, leading to weight loss.

75
Q

What impact has the Canadian environment had on energy balance?

A

It has caused a positive energy balance due to large portion sizes, high-calorie foods, and easy access to inexpensive food.

76
Q

Define “overweight.”

A

Body weight that falls above the recommended range for good health.

77
Q

What is considered obesity?

A

A BMI of 30 or higher or a body fat percentage above 25% for men and 33% for women.

78
Q

Why might height-weight charts be inaccurate for some individuals?

A

They do not directly measure body fat and can be misleading for people with varying muscle mass.

79
Q

How is Body Mass Index (BMI) calculated?

A

By dividing body weight (kg) by the square of height (meters).

80
Q

What BMI range is considered healthy?

A

18.5–24.9.

81
Q

What does hydrostatic weighing involve?

A

Submerging and weighing a person underwater to calculate body density and percent body fat.

82
Q

What are two methods of body composition analysis.

A

Skinfold measurements and Electrical Impedance Analysis or scanning procedures.

83
Q

How many years can obesity reduce life expectancy?

A

10–20 years.

84
Q

True or False: Higher body weight always leads to increased health risks.

A

False. Other factors, such as blood pressure and fat distribution, also play a role.

85
Q

For whom is weight loss recommended?

A

Individuals with a BMI in the obese category or those overweight with two or more major disease risk factors.

86
Q

Where do men and postmenopausal women tend to store body fat?

A

In the abdominal area.

87
Q

What is associated with a higher risk of heart disease: android or gynoid obesity?

A

Android obesity (upper body, visceral fat).

88
Q

Define body image.

A

The mental representation one holds about their body, including perceptions, thoughts, and emotions.

89
Q

What is associated with a negative body image?

A

Dissatisfaction with the body in general or with specific areas.

90
Q

What can happen with fat levels below 8–12% for women and 3–5% for men?

A

Increased risk of immune, reproductive, and circulatory disorders.

91
Q

Define “female athlete triad.”

A

A condition with three disorders: abnormal eating/exercise patterns, amenorrhea, and decreased bone density.

92
Q

What does the study of nutrigenomics focus on?

A

How nutrients interact with genes, influencing body size, shape, and metabolic rate.

93
Q

True or False: Hormones have no influence on fat accumulation.

A

False. Hormones, especially during life stages like puberty and menopause, can affect fat accumulation.

94
Q

True or False: Diet only refers to calorie restriction.

A

False. Diet refers to daily food choices, while dieting implies food restriction.

95
Q

What role does physical activity play in weight management?

A

It helps burn calories and keeps metabolism geared toward using food for energy rather than storing it as fat.

96
Q

What is a common coping strategy that can contribute to weight problems?

A

Overeating as a distraction from emotions such as loneliness or boredom.

97
Q

Name one approach to overcoming a weight problem on your own.

A

Adopting slow, steady weight loss practices rather than rapid, unsustainable methods.

98
Q

True or False: Fad diets are recommended for long-term weight management.

A

False. Fad diets often lead to quick weight regain and may lack essential nutrients.

99
Q

Define anorexia nervosa.

A

An eating disorder characterized by self-starvation and an intense fear of gaining weight.

100
Q

What differentiates bulimia nervosa from binge-eating disorder?

A

Bulimia involves binge eating followed by purging; binge-eating disorder involves bingeing without purging.

101
Q

True or False: Binge-eating disorder does not lead to obesity.

A

False. Binge-eating disorder often leads to obesity.

102
Q

What percentage of children and youth aged 5-17 have overweight and obesity?

A

17 percent of children and youth aged 5 to 17 have overweight and 10 percent have obesity

103
Q

How many extra calories a day make you gain 1kg of fat?

A

22

104
Q

Which one is a more accurate term for obesity, overweight or overfat?

A

Overfat

105
Q

True or false, to change your weight and body composition you must tip your energy balance in the right direction?

A

True

106
Q

True or false Men are more likely to have more body fat for a given BMI than women.

A

False, Women do

107
Q

What is the most accurate technique for analyzing body composition?

A

Hydrostatic weighing. (Person is submerged and weighed underwater)

108
Q

What are skinfold measurements?

A

Measures the thickness of fat under the skin, taken at several sites and plugged into formulas that calculate body fat percentage.

109
Q

What are circumference measures used for?

A

Waist circumference used to measure abdominal obesity and predict health risk.

110
Q

What is an electrical impedance analysis?

A

Electrodes are attached to the body and a harmless electrical current is transmitted from electrode to electrode. Favours the path of fat-free tissues over fat tissues.

111
Q

What are scanning procedures?

A

Includes CT, MRI or DEXA scans, very accurate and often offered at medical facilities.

112
Q

What are smart scales?

A

Monitor body weight and composition. Enhances wareness of movement and behaviours and helps with self-monitoring.

113
Q

The prescence of glucose signals the pancreas to release insulin, a hormone that helps cells take up glucose. In diabetes what happens during this process?

A

The pancreas cannot release as much insulin leading to a buildup of glucose in the bloodstream.

114
Q

What is the difference between diabetes type 1 and 2?

A

Type 1: pancreas produces little or no insulin, patient needs injections
Type 2: Pancreas produces too little insulin and the body’s cells become resistant to it.

115
Q

What risk does abdominal obesity cause?

A

Metabolic syndrome

116
Q

True or false, research has shown that if both parents have obesity, their children have an 80 percent risk of having obesity.

A

True

117
Q

What is the largest component of metabolism?

A

resting metabolic rate (RMR)-energy required to maintain vital body functions, including respiration, heart rate, body temperature, and blood pressure, while the body is at rest.

118
Q

RMR accounts for about what percent of daily expenditure?

A

65-70 %, energy required to digest food is about 10% of expenditure, 20-30% for daily physical activity.

119
Q

Men have a higher proportion of muscle mass than women meaning they have a _____ RMR

A

Higher, since muscle tissue is more metabolically active than fat

120
Q

Why is exercise so important in relation to metabolic rate?

A

Resistance training helps maintain muscle mass and metabolic rate and prevent age related decline in RMRs

121
Q

True or false, with a higher energy expenditure a person can eat more without gaining weight?

A

True

122
Q

What is a hormone linked to obesity?

A

Leptin

123
Q

What hormone increases appetite?

A

ghrelin

124
Q

What is the role of fat cells?

A

Can inflate to hold body fat. Overeating can cause someone to accumulate more fat cells and store more fat.

125
Q

True or false, the more visceral and ectopic fat you have, the greater your chances of developing insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and heart disease.

A

True

126
Q

What is gynoid obesity?

A

where fat appears on the lower body (pear shaped)

127
Q

A study found that which percentage of the incidence of overweight can be linked with excessive television?

A

60%

128
Q

What are the consequences of low sleep duration?

A

Associated with increased BMI and abdominal obesity, affects hormone levels and appetite regulation.

129
Q

What is an obesogenic environment?

A

Promotes overconsumption of calories and discourages physical activity. Higher abundance in certain areas compared to others.

130
Q

What are obesogens?

A

disrupts the body’s control over fat production and energy balance, and may increase one’s susceptibility to diseases such as obesity and diabetes later in life. Manufactured in many products, promoting obesity.

131
Q

True or false, PHOs are known as the main source of trans fats found in items liked baked and processed goods, which have a negative effect on cardiovascular health.

A

True

132
Q

What are some public health recommendations to prevent obesity?

A

change food pricing to promote healthful options, limit advertising, and fund strategies to promote physical activity.

133
Q

What are psychosocial factors of obesity?

A

Refers to how eating can provide a powerful distraction from difficult feelings.

134
Q

True or false, obesity is avoided for lower income women.

A

False, higher income women have access to better resources and make better nutritional choices.

135
Q

What is the difference between the terms, diet and dieting?

A

Diet refers to your daily food choices, dieting involves some form of food restriction.

136
Q

True or false to maintain your current weight, the total number of calories you eat must equal the number you burn, to lose weight, you must decrease your calorie intake or increase the number of calories you burn.

A

True

137
Q

True or false, overconsumption of total calories is not related to portion size.

A

False

138
Q

What is energy density?

A

The number of calories per gram of food

139
Q

True or false, foods that are fat free and advertised as reduced fat are typically lower in calories?

A

False, these foods are typically higher in calories

140
Q

What is the negative energy balance of 250-1000 calories per day?

A

0.25-1 kilogram per week

141
Q

True or false most low-calorie diets cause slower loss of body water at first.

A

False, rapid loss of body water at first.

142
Q

True or false, maintaining weight is a much bigger challenge than losing weight.

A

True

143
Q

True or false, Fad diets offer quick and easy weight loss but weight is often regained.

A

True

144
Q

True or false, most of these products marketed as dietary supplements and so are subject to fewer regulations than over-the-counter (OTC) medications.

A

True

145
Q

What are some examples of weight loss products?

A

Alli, bitter orange, caffeine, chitosan, Chromium, conjugated linoleic acid, green tea extract, Guar gum, Hoodia, Pyruate, Rasberry ketone, fiber in OTC diet aids…

146
Q

An important goal for weight loss programs is identifying and addressing root causes for weight gain and removing road blocks, as well as working towards your best “weight”

A

True

147
Q

Losing how much weight is considered slow and steady weight loss?

A

0.25-1.0 kilogram per week

148
Q

What are some examples of commercial and non-commercial weight loss programs?

A

Non-commercial: TOPS and OA
Commercial:Group support, nutrition education, physical activity recommendations…

149
Q

What chemicals do appetite suppressants increase?

A

catecholamine or seretonin, two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite.

150
Q

What does the drug Orlistat suppresent do?

A

blocks fat absorption in the intestines.

151
Q

True or false, obesity-related health conditions, as well as risk of premature death, generally improve after surgical weight loss.

A

True

152
Q

What is Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery, sleeve gastrectomy and adjustable gastric banding procedure?

A

-separates stomach into two pouches
-removes 80-85% of stomach
-Adjustable band placed around the stomach to create a smaller pouch

153
Q

Which term refers to perceptions, images, thoughts, attitudes, and emotions about oneself?

A

Body image

154
Q

Which term refers to extreme dissatisfaction of ones body image

A

dysmorphic disorder (BDD) (begins before the age of 18)

155
Q

Which term is characterized by severe disturbances in body image, eating patterns and eating-related behaviours?

A

eating disorder

156
Q

True or false people with anorexia tend to hide or hoard food without eating it.

A

True

157
Q

True or false people with anorexia often stop menstruating and become intolerant of cold, develop low blood pressure and heart rate.

A

True

158
Q

True or false individuals with anorexia often have co-morbid disorders such as depression leading to higher rates of suicide.

A

True

159
Q

True or false, individuals with bulimia Nervosa may experience weight fluctuation of 10-15 kilograms.

A

False, 5-10 kilograms

160
Q

True or false, within individuals with Bulimia Nervosa, binges happen in secret as well as having an excessive fear of gaining weight.

A

True

161
Q

What are some risks with people with bulimia?

A

Often experience tooth decay, repeated vomiting and use of laxatives as well as damage to the liver and kidneys that can cause cardiac arrhythmia.

162
Q

True or false, rigid dieting often works well for individuals with binge-eating disorders.

A

no, usually causes feelings of deprivation and a return to overeating.

163
Q

What is other specified feeding or eating disorders (OSFED)?

A

classification created to include individuals who did not meet explicit diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa but still experienced a marked eating disorder. (Most common type of disorder).

164
Q

What is ARFID, avoidant restrictive food intake disorder?

A

referred as selective eating disorder, similar to anorexia and involves severe limitations of amount and types of foods consumed but do not fear about body weight as much as individuals with anorexia.

165
Q

What are symptoms of individuals with orthorexia?

A

very obsessed with healthy eating and damages their own health and well-being, constant guilt after meals.

166
Q

What are common treatment steps for bulimia nervosa or binge-eating disorders?

A

First involves everting medical crisis by restoring adequate body weight, then psychological aspects of the disorder can be addressed. Psychotherapy and counselling can help address psychological effects.

HEALTH SCI 1001 (4 decks)

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