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HEALTH SCI 1001 > Breastfeeding > Flashcards

Breastfeeding Flashcards

1
Q

What does a study suggest about babies fed with polypropylene bottles?

A

Babies likely swallow millions of microplastics per day due to particles released during infant formula preparation.

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2
Q

What is the current understanding of health impacts from microplastics?

A

Health impacts are unknown; research is needed to assess the implications of ingesting microplastics on humans/infants.

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3
Q

What guidelines were produced to reduce microplastic exposure?

A

Sterilization guidelines recommend preparing formula in non-plastic containers before transferring to clean bottles.

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4
Q

What issue arose regarding a breastfeeding photo on Facebook?

A

A photo was removed for violating Facebook standards, highlighting the platform’s role in breastfeeding discussions.

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5
Q

How does breastfeeding appear in prime-time fictional television?

A

Breastfeeding is generally portrayed positively, but often only with infants and without addressing challenges.

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6
Q

What negative portrayals exist in fictional shows regarding breastfeeding?

A

Extended breastfeeding is depicted as unacceptable, and breastfeeding in public is not normalized.

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7
Q

What was demonstrated in the lecture about breastfeeding in ‘Friends’?

A

A clip showed characters moving away from a breastfeeding woman, portraying it as abnormal and over-sexualized.

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8
Q

What criticism did a Time magazine breastfeeding image receive?

A

Critics argued it was overly sexual, emphasizing breasts for sexual appeal rather than nutrition.

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9
Q

What is unique about human milk?

A

Human milk is species-specific, perfectly suited to the baby’s growth and development needs.

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10
Q

What is breast milk considered for infants? How long can breastmilk be sustained?

A

Breast milk is the ultimate ‘super food’ and can sustain life for the first 6 months after birth.

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11
Q

What protective benefits does breast milk provide?

A

It protects infants from bacteria and viruses the mother encounters.

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12
Q

How does breast milk adapt to an infant’s needs?

A

Breast milk constantly changes to meet the infant’s nutritional needs as they grow.

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13
Q

What is colostrum?

A

Colostrum is the yellowish, sticky breast milk produced at the end of pregnancy, recommended by WHO for newborns. Rich in antibodies, proteins and nutrients.

WHO states feeding should be initiated within the first hour after birth.

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14
Q

What hormones are involved in breastfeeding?

A

Estrogen, Progesterone, Prolactin, Oxytoxin

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15
Q

What is the role of Prolactin in breastfeeding? When are levels of prolactin the most high?

A

Prolactin helps the breasts make milk and increases after birth with each breastfeeding session.
(increasing during pregnancy, high after pregnancy)

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16
Q

What are the breastfeeding recommendations for infants?

A

Introduction of nutritionally-adequate and safe complementary foods at 6 months, with continued breastfeeding up to 2 years or beyond.

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17
Q

What percentage of infants under 6 months are exclusively breastfed globally?

A

Only 41% of infants under 6 months are exclusively breastfed.

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18
Q

What could be the impact of optimal breastfeeding practices?

A

Over 820,000 children could be saved yearly if all children 0-23 months were optimally breastfed.

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19
Q

What are the short-term benefits of breastfeeding for babies?

A

Reduced risk of mortality, diarrhea and infection, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), and pain.

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20
Q

How does breastfeeding affect mortality rates in developing countries?

A

Infants who are not breastfed have higher rates of diarrhea and respiratory illnesses, which are main causes of infant death.

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21
Q

What is the effect of breastfeeding on SIDS?

A

Breastfeeding is associated with a 36% decrease in the risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).

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22
Q

How does breastfeeding help relieve pain in infants?

A

Breastfeeding and human milk are pain relieving and have been found to be more effective than other measures during vaccinations.

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23
Q

What is skin-to-skin contact and its significance?

A

Skin-to-skin contact is recommended for mothers and babies to enhance breastfeeding and was developed in response to high infant mortality rates.

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24
Q

What are the long-term benefits of breastfeeding for babies?

A

Breastfeeding is associated with a reduced risk of some childhood cancers, asthma, increased cognitive development, overweight and obesity, Type 1 & 2 diabetes.

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25
Q

What is the association between breastfeeding and childhood cancers?

A

Several studies have found an increased risk of some childhood cancers when children have not been breastfed.

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26
Q

What is the relationship between breastfeeding and childhood leukemia?

A

Data shows that breastfeeding is associated with an increase in the incidence of childhood leukemia.

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27
Q

What cognitive benefits are associated with breastfeeding?

A

Breastfeeding children have been found to perform better on intelligence tests (WHO, 2024) and are associated with better receptive language and verbal and nonverbal intelligence later in life.

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28
Q

What is the link between breastfeeding and obesity prevention?

A

WHO states that children and adolescents who were breastfed as babies are less likely to be overweight, although many suggest that infants cannot be overfed with breastmilk.

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29
Q

How does breastfeeding relate to diabetes?

A

Breastfed children are less prone to developing diabetes later in life, but diabetes is multifactorial, and breastfeeding can only help.

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30
Q

What are the health risks associated with premature weaning or not breastfeeding?

A

Premature weaning or not breastfeeding are associated with health risks such as breast and ovarian cancers, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and rheumatoid arthritis.

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31
Q

What is the significance of breastfeeding according to Victora et al. (2016)?

A

Possibly, no other behavior can affect such varied outcomes in the two individuals who are involved: the mother and the child.

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32
Q

What does breastfeeding provide to babies?

A

Breast milk fuels the baby’s body, provides prevention to immune disease, and shapes behavior and neurodevelopment.

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33
Q

What chemical reaction occurs with breast milk and baby saliva?

A

A mixture of breastmilk and baby saliva causes a chemical reaction that produces hydrogen peroxide.

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34
Q

What are the risks for infants fed formula?

A

Infants and young children who are fed formula are at an increased risk for compromised nutritional status, growth, and development and overall health and survival.

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35
Q

What is important to avoid when discussing infant formula?

A

It is important not to ‘demonize’ infant formula or shame women who do not breastfeed.

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36
Q

What does the WHO recognize regarding infant formula?

A

Safe use of formula is an important goal recognized by the WHO for infants receiving infant formula.

(Abrams & Daniels, 2019)

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37
Q

What should parents/caregivers be supported with if exclusive breastfeeding is not possible?

A

Parents/caregivers should be supported to ensure the infant’s well-being.

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38
Q

What is essential for the provision of infant formula?

A

Provision of appropriate information on breastmilk substitutes is essential.

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39
Q

What is a key consideration regarding powdered infant formula?

A

Powdered infant formula is not sterile and serves as an ideal substrate for bacterial growth.

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40
Q

Which pathogens have been linked to powdered infant formula?

A

Cronobacter sakazakii and Salmonella enterica have been detected in commercially produced powdered infant formula and linked to outbreaks.

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41
Q

What can reduce the risk of illness from powdered infant formula?

A

Proper preparation and storing of powdered infant formula can reduce the risk of illness.

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42
Q

What are the steps to prepare a bottle feed?

A

Clean and disinfect, wash hands, boil some water, read instructions…

*no need to memorize

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43
Q

What was linked to a multi-country outbreak of Salmonella infection?

A

The outbreak was linked to the consumption of infant formula in France, Belgium, and Luxembourg.

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44
Q

What was the date of the multi-country outbreak of Salmonella Poona infections?

A

The outbreak was linked to consumption of infant formula on 12 March 2019.

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45
Q

What was concluded about the three infant formula products in August 2018?

A

Three infant formula products based on ice proteins (A, B, or C) from the same brand were implicated in the outbreak.

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46
Q

What is important to avoid when discussing infant formula?

A

It is important not to ‘demonize’ infant formula or shame women who do not breastfeed.

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47
Q

What does the WHO recognize regarding infant formula?

A

Safe use of formula is an important goal recognized by the WHO for infants receiving infant formula.

(Abrams & Daniels, 2019)

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48
Q

What should parents/caregivers be supported with if exclusive breastfeeding is not possible?

A

Parents/caregivers should be supported to ensure the infant’s well-being.

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49
Q

What is essential for the provision of infant formula?

A

Provision of appropriate information on breastmilk substitutes is essential.

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50
Q

What is a key consideration regarding powdered infant formula?

A

Powdered infant formula is not sterile and serves as an ideal substrate for bacterial growth.

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51
Q

Which pathogens have been linked to powdered infant formula?

A

Cronobacter sakazakii and Salmonella enterica have been detected in commercially produced powdered infant formula and linked to outbreaks.

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52
Q

What can reduce the risk of illness from powdered infant formula?

A

Proper preparation and storing of powdered infant formula can reduce the risk of illness.

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53
Q

What are the steps to prepare a bottle feed?

A

Clean and disinfect, wash hands, boil some water, read instructions…

*no need to memorize

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54
Q

What was linked to a multi-country outbreak of Salmonella infection?

A

The outbreak was linked to the consumption of infant formula in France, Belgium, and Luxembourg.

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55
Q

What was the date of the multi-country outbreak of Salmonella Poona infections?

A

The outbreak was linked to consumption of infant formula on 12 March 2019.

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56
Q

What was concluded about the three infant formula products in August 2018?

A

Three infant formula products based on ice proteins (A, B, or C) from the same brand were implicated in the outbreak.

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57
Q

What was the impact of melamine in infant formula in China in 2008?

A

Approximately 300,000 children became ill, and there were 6 deaths from acute renal failure.

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58
Q

Why was melamine added to infant formula?

A

It was added to disguise low protein content from diluting formula, making the apparent protein content seem higher and giving the formula a milky appearance.

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59
Q

Is melamine allowed as a food ingredient in Canada?

A

No, melamine is prohibited as a food ingredient in Canada.

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60
Q

What is the preferred mode of infant feeding in difficult situations?

A

Breastfeeding remains the preferred mode of infant feeding in almost all difficult situations.

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61
Q

In what situations is breastfeeding particularly important?

A

Breastfeeding is important for low-birth-weight or premature infants, mothers living with HIV, adolescent mothers, malnourished infants, and families in complex emergencies.

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62
Q

What risks are associated with the distribution of infant formula during emergencies?

A

Widespread distribution of infant formula exposes infants to the risk of disease and death when clean water is scarce for mixing formula and washing bottles.

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63
Q

What role does breastfeeding play during emergencies according to UNICEF?

A

Breastfeeding is a vital response during emergencies, and it can be promoted despite the challenges.

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64
Q

What misconception exists about breastfeeding under stress?

A

There is a rumor that mothers cannot breastfeed under stress, but this is incorrect.

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65
Q

What was the increase in breastfeeding rates during crises in Indonesia?

A

Breastfeeding rates increased from 10% to 30% in areas with high crisis rates.

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66
Q

What organization first drew attention to infant formula companies?

A

War on Want was the first organization to draw attention to infant formula companies such as Nestlé.

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67
Q

What is the impact of aggressive marketing of infant formula?

A

It causes infant illness and discourages breastfeeding.

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68
Q

What does Muller suggest about third world babies and infant milk?

A

Third world babies are dying because their mothers bottle feed them with Western style infant milk.

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69
Q

What strategies do corporations use to market infant formula?

A

They incorporate persuasive strategies to encourage mothers to give up breastfeeding.

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70
Q

What has Nestle Pakistan done during the lockdown?

A

Nestle has donated water, juices, Nido, Milk pack, Lactogrow, and Cerelac to families impacted by the lockdown.

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71
Q

What sparked a global boycott against Nestle?

A

Nestle’s aggressive marketing of breast milk substitutes.

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72
Q

When was the boycott against Nestle suspended and when did it resurface?

A

The boycott was suspended in 1984 and resurfaced in the 1980s.

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73
Q

What did Senator Edward Kennedy do in May 1978?

A

He held US senate hearings into the promotion of breastmilk substitutes in developing countries.

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74
Q

What was established in 1979 to improve infant feeding practices?

A

The World Health Organization and UNICEF hosted a meeting that called for the development of an international code of marketing.

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75
Q

What is the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI)?

A

A global initiative to promote, protect, and support breastfeeding.

76
Q

When was the BFHI launched?

A

The BFHI was launched in 1991 by WHO and UNICEF.

77
Q

How many countries have implemented the BFHI?

A

More than 152 countries.

78
Q

What trend occurred in the Canadian dairy industry from the 1920s to 1960s?

A

The industry grew and public health officials began to promote formula feeding.

79
Q

What was the consequence of increased cow’s milk feeding?

A

It resulted in higher infant mortality rates.

80
Q

What was the focus of efforts to improve infant feeding during this period?

A

Efforts focused on improving artificial baby milk rather than promoting breastfeeding.

81
Q

What is the impact of aggressive marketing of infant formula?

A

It causes infant illness and discourages breastfeeding.

82
Q

What does Muller suggest about third world babies and infant milk?

A

Third world babies are dying because their mothers bottle feed them with Western style infant milk.

83
Q

What strategies do corporations use to market infant formula?

A

They incorporate persuasive strategies to encourage mothers to give up breastfeeding.

84
Q

What has Nestle Pakistan done during the lockdown?

A

Nestle has donated water, juices, Nido, Milk pack, Lactogrow, and Cerelac to families impacted by the lockdown.

85
Q

What sparked a global boycott against Nestle?

A

Nestle’s aggressive marketing of breast milk substitutes.

86
Q

When was the boycott against Nestle suspended and when did it resurface?

A

The boycott was suspended in 1984 and resurfaced in the 1980s.

87
Q

What did Senator Edward Kennedy do in May 1978?

A

He held US senate hearings into the promotion of breastmilk substitutes in developing countries.

88
Q

What was established in 1979 to improve infant feeding practices?

A

The World Health Organization and UNICEF hosted a meeting that called for the development of an international code of marketing.

89
Q

What is the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI)?

A

A global initiative to promote, protect, and support breastfeeding.

90
Q

When was the BFHI launched?

A

The BFHI was launched in 1991 by WHO and UNICEF.

91
Q

How many countries have implemented the BFHI?

A

More than 152 countries.

92
Q

What trend occurred in the Canadian dairy industry from the 1920s to 1960s?

A

The industry grew and public health officials began to promote formula feeding.

93
Q

What was the consequence of increased cow’s milk feeding?

A

It resulted in higher infant mortality rates.

94
Q

What was the focus of efforts to improve infant feeding during this period?

A

Efforts focused on improving artificial baby milk rather than promoting breastfeeding.

95
Q

What was the breastfeeding rate change in Canada during the early 1970s?

A

Breastfeeding rates were declining in Canada and other Western nations.

breastfeeding rates continued drop while infant formula was marketed to mothers who could not afford it or were living in conditions that made formula preparation and feeding unsafe

Growing concern about the marketing of infant formula in developing countries

This decline occurred alongside a growing recognition of the importance of breastfeeding for national health.

96
Q

What campaign coincided with the decline in breastfeeding rates?

A

A campaign to educate mothers coincided with the sharp decline in breastfeeding rates.

97
Q

What issues did mothers in developing regions face regarding infant formula?

A

Mothers faced challenges such as inability to afford infant formula and unsafe conditions for formula preparation and feeding.

This included issues like diluting formula or using unclean water.

98
Q

What significant meeting did WHO and UNICEF hold in 1979?

A

WHO and UNICEF held an international meeting concerning infant and young child feeding was held in Geneva.

99
Q

What was developed in 1981 regarding breastfeeding?

A

The International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes was developed.

100
Q

What organizations drafted the International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes?

A

WHO and UNICEF drafted the code, which was adopted by the World Health Assembly.

101
Q

What was the Innocenti Declaration?

A

The Innocenti Declaration was launched in 1990 to promote breastfeeding.

102
Q

What is the BFHI?

A

The BFHI, or Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative, was launched in 1991.

103
Q

What happened in 2006 regarding BFHI documents?

A

There was a revision of BFHI documents.

104
Q

What does the International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes provide?

A

It provides minimum requirements to protect and promote appropriate infant and young child feeding practices.

105
Q

What is the main focus of the WHO Code?

A

The main focus is on the regulation of marketing of infant formula and products associated with bottle feeding.

106
Q

How does the infant formula industry influence health care providers?

A

The industry influences health care providers and consumers to support the use of manufactured baby milk.

107
Q

What is the first rule of the WHO Code regarding breast-milk substitutes?

A

No advertising of breast-milk substitutes and other products to the public.

108
Q

What does the WHO Code say about donations of breast-milk substitutes?

A

No donations of breast-milk substitutes and supplies to maternity hospitals.

109
Q

Are free samples of breast-milk substitutes allowed for mothers?

A

No free samples to mothers.

110
Q

What does the WHO Code state about promotion of products in health services?

A

No promotion of products in the health services.

111
Q

Can company personnel advise mothers according to the WHO Code?

A

No company personnel to advise mothers.

112
Q

Are gifts or personal samples allowed for health care workers?

A

No gifts or personal samples to health care workers.

113
Q

What restrictions does the WHO Code place on educational materials?

A

No use of space, equipment, or education materials sponsored or produced by companies when teaching mothers about infant feeding.

114
Q

What imagery is prohibited on product labels according to the WHO Code?

A

No pictures of infants, or other pictures idealizing artificial feeding on the labels of products.

115
Q

What type of information should be provided to health workers?

A

Information to health workers should be scientific and factual.

116
Q

What should information on artificial infant feeding include?

A

Information on artificial infant feeding, including on labels, should explain the benefits of breastfeeding and the costs and dangers associated with artificial feeding.

117
Q

What products should not be promoted for babies?

A

Unsuitable products, such as sweetened condensed milk, should not be promoted for babies.

118
Q

What quality standards should products meet according to the WHO Code?

A

Products should be of high quality and take into account the climatic and storage conditions of the country where they are used.

119
Q

When did Canada approve the WHO Code?

A

Canada gave its approval to the WHO Code in 1981 as part of near global consensus.

120
Q

What issue exists regarding the WHO Code in Canada?

A

There continue to be many violations of the WHO Code as it is not legislated in Canada.

121
Q

What is a common violation of the WHO Code?

A

Promotions and sponsorships of infant formula products.

122
Q

What type of labeling is considered inappropriate?

A

Inappropriate Labeling.

123
Q

What is the ‘Gold Standard’ in infant products?

A

In these infant products there are no shortage of words that idealize infant feedings.

124
Q

What does ‘premiumization’ refer to in the context of infant products?

A

Premiumization: products labelled as gold and premium.

125
Q

What is the Baby-Friendly Initiative (BFI) in Canada?

A

In Canada, the BFHI is called the Baby-Friendly Initiative (BFI).

126
Q

What is the role of the Breastfeeding Committee for Canada (BCC)?

A

The BCC is the national authority for the Baby-Friendly Initiative (BFI) and adapts standards to the Canadian context.

127
Q

Which facilities are eligible for BFI assessment and designation?

A

Publicly funded maternity hospitals, birthing centres, and community health services (e.g., public health units) are eligible.

128
Q

What must agencies follow to be BFI designated?

A

Agencies must follow the WHO Code and the 10 Steps outlined by WHO/UNICEF (2018) and adapted by the BCC.

129
Q

What is the first step in the WHO/UNICEF ‘10 Steps’ to Successful Breastfeeding?

A

STEP 1a: Comply fully with the International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes.

130
Q

What is STEP 1b in the WHO/UNICEF ‘10 Steps’?

A

Have a written infant feeding policy that is routinely communicated to staff and parents.

131
Q

What does STEP 2 emphasize in supporting breastfeeding?

A

Ensure that staff have sufficient knowledge, competence, and skills to support breastfeeding.

132
Q

What is the focus of STEP 3?

A

Discuss the importance and management of breastfeeding with pregnant women and their families.

133
Q

What does STEP 4 entail?

A

Facilitate immediate and uninterrupted skin-to-skin contact and support mothers to initiate breastfeeding as soon as possible after birth.

134
Q

What is the goal of STEP 5?

A

Support mothers to initiate and maintain breastfeeding and manage common difficulties.

135
Q

What does STEP 6 recommend regarding breastfeeding?

A

Support mothers to breastfeed exclusively, unless supplements are medically indicated.

136
Q

What is the focus of STEP 7?

A

Enable mothers and their infants to remain together and to practice rooming-in 24 hours a day.

137
Q

What does STEP 8 encourage mothers to do?

A

Support mothers to recognize and respond to their infants’ cues for feeding.

138
Q

What is the purpose of STEP 9?

A

Counsel mothers on the use and risks of feeding bottles, teats, and pacifiers.

139
Q

What does STEP 10 coordinate?

A

Coordinate discharge so that parents and their infants have timely access to ongoing support and care.

140
Q

Why is breastfeeding particularly harder for infants in NICUs?

A

Infants in NICUs often lack the resources they need.

141
Q

What was the purpose of the environmental scan conducted by Natalie V. Scime and Shauna M. Burke?

A

To determine the types and frequencies of breastfeeding support personnel and resources available in Canadian NICUs.

142
Q

What is encouraged among NICUs across Canada?

A

NICUs are encouraged to connect with other units to facilitate the exchange of breastfeeding resources and best practices.

143
Q

What resources support mothers with breastfeeding?

A

Breastfeeding education, policies (e.g., skin to skin care), coordination of post-discharge breastfeeding supports.

144
Q

What percentage of health professionals provide breastfeeding education for mothers?

A

59% provide breastfeeding education for mothers.

145
Q

What are the primary roles of male partners in breastfeeding?

A

Supporting the mother, caring for the infant, feeding the infant, housework, and preparing pump equipment.

146
Q

What do male partners need for breastfeeding support?

A

Education and access to partner-specific information on breastfeeding.

147
Q

What did a participant say about accessible information for fathers regarding breastfeeding?

A

“At the very beginning, it would be nice to have more easily accessible information to how a father can be more pertinent to breastfeeding.”

148
Q

What kind of support groups do male partners want?

A

Online or drop-in support groups for men.

149
Q

What concern did a participant express about the focus on breastfeeding?

A

“The focus is so much on [breastfeeding], there is no assistance should that not be possible.”

150
Q

What is the global exclusive breastfeeding rate for infants under six months as of 2024?

A

The global exclusive breastfeeding rate has risen to 48% in the last 12 years.

151
Q

What is the WHO’s goal for exclusive breastfeeding by 2025?

A

The WHO aims to increase exclusive breastfeeding to at least 50% by 2025.

152
Q

What are the health benefits of breastmilk for infants?

A

Breastmilk provides vital antibodies that protect infants from illness and death.

153
Q

What are the health benefits of breastfeeding for mothers?

A

Breastfeeding reduces the risk of specific cancers and noncommunicable diseases.

154
Q

According to the reading On World Breastfeeding Week. How many children’s lives could be saved by raising breastfeeding rates?

A

Raising breastfeeding rates could save over 820,000 children’s lives annually.

155
Q

What is the theme for World Breastfeeding Week 2024?

A

The theme is ‘Closing the gap: Breastfeeding support for all’.

156
Q

What does the 2024 theme emphasize?

A

It emphasizes the need for equitable breastfeeding support to promote maternal and infant health rights.

157
Q

What percentage of the world’s population lacks access to essential health services?

A

More than half the world’s population lacks access to essential health services.

158
Q

What percentage of countries collect comprehensive breastfeeding data?

A

Only 50% of countries collect comprehensive breastfeeding data.

159
Q

What is one action for improving breastfeeding support?

A

Investment in breastfeeding programs by allocating national budgets specifically for breastfeeding support.

160
Q

What workplace policies can support breastfeeding?

A

Encouraging paid maternity leave, breastfeeding breaks, and quality childcare access.

161
Q

What special support is needed for vulnerable communities?

A

Tailored breastfeeding support for mothers in emergencies and underrepresented communities.

162
Q

What is needed for enhanced data monitoring?

A

Improvement in data collection on breastfeeding and related policies.

163
Q

What regulation is suggested for breast-milk substitutes marketing?

A

Implement and enforce laws restricting the marketing of substitutes, especially digital.

164
Q

In how many countries does UNICEF operate?

A

UNICEF operates in over 190 countries.

165
Q

What is the focus of UNICEF?

A

UNICEF focuses on children’s well-being and equity.

166
Q

What does WHO champion?

A

WHO champions global health, connecting nations to expand healthcare access.

167
Q

True or false, babies should only be breastfed from mothers, we should not be using formula as it is not sterile and safe for babies.

A

False, formula is not ideal, but is an alternative option for breastfeeding.

168
Q

True or false, composition of milk changes from mature milk to colostrum.

A

false, opposite, from colostrum to mature milk.

169
Q

What is the role of estrogen & progesterone, when are the levels the most high?

A

Most high during pregnancy
prepares milk until the baby is born

170
Q

What is the role of oxytoxin during pregnancy? When are levels of oxytoxin the most increased?

A

Release the milk from the breast.
When the baby feeds, oxytocin is released from the posterior pituitary gland, causing contraction of cells that hold milk, which brings it to the baby’s mouth. Called the let down or milk ejection reflex. Calling effect.
(increasing during pregnancy, drops and stabilizes after)

171
Q

What is the recommended time for breastfeeding after birth?

A

1 hour

172
Q

How long is it recommended to exclusively breastfeed?

A

6 months

173
Q

What is the recommendation for how long mothers should have nutritionally-adequate and safe complementary (solid) foods

A

6 months

174
Q

What ratio of babies are not breastfed, within the first hour of life?

A

3/5

175
Q

how many children could be saved yearly if all children 0-23 months were optimally breastfed?

A

> 820,000

176
Q

Which years of life are critcial for breastfeeding?

A

First two years

177
Q

What are the rates for breastfeeding in Canada?

A

<25% breastfed in 1965, in 2015/16 it became 90%

178
Q

What is the most common reason mothers give up breastfeeding?

A

not enough milk, difficulty with breastfeeding technique

179
Q

In 2011, what percent of women continued to breastfeed beyond 6 months?

A

57%

180
Q

What percentage of women stop breastfeeding before their infant is 1 month old

A

25%

181
Q

What risks decrease for the mother and breastfeeding?

A

Breast and ovarian cancers
Hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, CVD, metabolic syndrome
Rheumatoid arthritis
Postpartum depression
Sleep disturbances

182
Q

What was the Ted-Talk, what we don’t know about mothers milk about? What ratio of babies are born in a baby-friendly hospital?

A

Breastfeeding isn’t “free” it uses all the mothers energy and effort
Mother’s milk is food, medication and signals
It provides immunofactors that fight pathogens
It grows the body, shapes behavior, neurodevelopment
More education needs to be provided in order to provide support for these mothers

⅕ babies are born in a baby friendly hospital

183
Q

True or false, its possible for a mother to exclusively breastfeed.

A

false, If it is not possible for a mother to exclusively breastfeed, parents/caregivers should be supported to ensure the infant’s wellbeing

184
Q

What is the baby killer?

A

large corporation causing infant death

185
Q

True or false, in 1920-1960 there was an Increase in feeding cow’s milk resulted in higher infant mortality rates to efforts to improve artificial baby milk rather than promotion of breastfeeding.

A

True

186
Q

In what years what there a campaign to educate mothers that coincided with a sharp decrease in breastfeeding rates?

A

1920-1960

187
Q

What was the reading about On World Breastfeeding Week, UNICEF and WHO call for equal access to breastfeeding support about?

A

Talks about how improvements with breastfeeding has saved countless of lives. Talks about the benefits of breastfeeding such as how breastfeeding provides crucial antibodies that protect against illnesses and even death, especially vital during emergencies.

Reliable data collection is essential, as only half of countries track breastfeeding rates, and policies like paid maternity leave, regulation of breastmilk substitute marketing, and family-friendly workplaces can improve support.

UNICEF and WHO urge stakeholders to invest in breastfeeding programs, ensure access to quality healthcare for at-risk mothers, improve monitoring of breastfeeding policies, and enforce laws against misleading marketing of breastmilk substitutes.

HEALTH SCI 1001 (4 decks)

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