Weight loss Flashcards
what are the general mechanisms of weight loss?
- decreased consumption
- decreaased digestion/absorption
- increased losses
- increased requirements
- other - inadequate distribution, muscle atrophy
what are the intestinal causes of weight loss?
- Intestinal parasitosis
- Lawsonia
- Sand enteropathy
- Right dorsal colitis
- Chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
- Other
what are the hepatic causes of weight loss?
- Theiler’s or serum disease
- Poisonings (pyrrolizidine alkaloids)
- Cholangiohepatitis
- Cholelithiasis
what are the characteristics of granulomatous enteritis?
- Rare in past years
- Lymphoid and macrophage infiltration (lamina propria)
- Ileal villous atrophy
- Unknown cause
◦ Hypothetical inflammatory reaction to intestinal bacteria - Any age, sex breed
what are the small intestinal causes of weight loss?
- Chronic inflammatory bowel disease (CIBD):
◦ Granulomatous enteritis (GE)
◦ Eosinophilic Entercolitis (EE)
◦ Lymphocytic-Plasmacytic Enterocolitis (LPE) - Proliferative Enteropathy
- Alimentary tract neoplasias
what are the charateristics and types of eosinophilic entercolitis?
- Eosinophil infiltration (intestinal mucosa)
-
Multisystemic eosinophilic epitheliotropic disease (MEED)
◦ Other organs involved -
Diffuse eosinophilic enterocolitis (DEE)
◦ Affects all small and large intestine: -
Idiopathic focal eosinophilic enteritis/colitis (IFEE or IFEC)
◦ Segmental small or large intestinal lesions present- Unknown cause
◦ Speculated to be related to nematode infestation
◦ Parasites can induce hypersensivity reaction
◦ Parasites contain endogenous factors that attract eosinophils
- Unknown cause
- Any age, sex, breed
◦ Most common in young Thoroughbreds & Standardbreds
what are the characteristics of lymphocytic-plasmacytic entercolitis?
- Incidence increased in last years
- Lymphocyte and plasma cells infiltration (lamina propria)
- Unknown cause
◦ Speculated to precede development of intestinal lymphoma - Any age, sex breed
what are the characteristics and risk factors?of proliferative enterophathy?
- Lawsonia intracellularis - Obligate intracellular bacterium
◦ replicates in the cytoplasm of proliferative crypt epithelial cells - Jejunum & ileum
- Weanling foals between 3 to 8 months age
- Individuals or outbreaks
- Uncommonly in yearlings and adult horses
- risk factor:
◦ Close proximity to swine
◦ Overcrowding
◦ Feed changes
◦ antibiotic usage
◦ Mixing & transportation
◦ Weaning
what are the clinical signs and mechanisms of weight loss caused due to hepatic reasons?
- Clinical Signs result from hepatic failure
◦ More than 75% of liver must be damaged - Weight loss
◦ Anorexia
◦ Abnormal metabolism - & colic, diarrhea, ascites are caused by
◦ Hepatic swelling
◦ Portal hypertension
◦ Altered microflora
◦ Abnormal bile acids
what is the most common cause of acute hepatitis in horses? what is thought to be the cuase of this?
Theiler’s disease
* previously Associated to the administration of equine blood products
* Equine Parvovirus (new evidence of association)
◦ Vertical transmission reported
◦ Strong circumstantial evidence of biting flies transmission
◦ Nasal transmission?
* Equine Hepacivirus
◦ Cannot be ruled-out as cause yet
◦ Similitudes with (human) HVC blood-to-blood likely
what are the characteristics of ragwort poisoning ?
- Ingestion of pyrrolizidine alkaloid containing plants
◦ Amsinckia intermedia , Senecio spp., Crotalaria spp. - Ingestion of plants or contaminated feed
- clinical signs after 1-12 month of ingestion
- Contaminated feed - most common pellets
- Green plants not palatable
what is the toxic chemical that is injested with ragwort poisoning?
pyrrolizidine alkaloid
what are the charateristics of cholangiohepatitis?
Ascending bacterial infection:
* Salmonellas spp., Klebsiella spp., E. coli., others
Sepsis: Systemic spread into the liver can occur
what are the charateristics of cholelithiasis?
- Stone formation in biliary ducts/obstruction
- Etiology unknown
- previous bacterial infection is a component of disease and is strongly associated to the later appearance of stones
