equine ptyalism

Question 1

what are the dietary causes of ptyalism in horses?

Answer 1

• legume contaminated with Rizoctonia leguminicola?
• Oral PBTZ given with Clembuterol/?
  –> increase saliva production and cause hypersalivation

Question 2

morphological abnormalites:

what are the obstructive causes of ptyalism in horses?

Answer 2

• Retropharyngeal lymphadenopathy
• Malformation, injury, edema (Pharynx, larynx, esophagus)
• Pharyngeal disorders (Abscess, Cicatrix, inflammation)
• Laryngeal disorders (Epyglotic cysts, RDPArch)
• Palate disorders (DDSP, cleft palate)
• Guttural pouch disorders (Tympany & empyema)
• Esophageal problems (Obstruction & diverticula)

Question 3

morphological abnormalities:

what are the painful causes of ptyalism in horses?

Answer 3

• Teeth (Root abscess, broken teeth, abnormal wear)
• Mandibule/maxyla (fractures, trauma)
• Stomatitis/glossitis
  ◦ Foreign body most common (Glossitis)
  ‣ Dessicated plant material/awns
  ‣ Metal/wire
  ◦ Ulcerative stomatitis
  ‣ Phenylbutazone toxicity
  ‣ Blester beetle poisoning
  ◦ Vesicular stomatitis
  ‣ Viral (Poxvirus & Rhabdovirus serotype: New Jersey, Indiana)
  ◦ Bacterial
  ◦ Actinobacillus lignieresi
• Temporohyoid OA (Pain, may also cause functional)
• Temporo-mandibular osteopathy

Question 4

why is a complete neurological exam vital when deling with horses with ptyalism?

Answer 4

ptyalism could be due to a functional abnormaliteis caused by an infectious cuases or CNS truma - worried about rabies

Question 5

what are the infectois causes of ptyalism in horses?

Answer 5

◦ RABIES!!!
◦ Viral encephalitis
◦ Verminous encephalitis & EPM
◦ Botulism & Tetanus
◦ Meningitis

Question 6

what are the CNS truma causes of ptyalism in horses?

Answer 6

◦ Cerebral damage/edema
◦ Brainstem haemorrhage
◦ CNS masses (eg. Cholesteroloma)

Question 7

what are the toxic causes of ptyalism in horses?

Answer 7

◦ Lead poisoning
◦ Yellow star thistle
◦ Hepatoencephalopathy

Question 8

what are the other causes of pytalism in horses?

Answer 8

◦ Polyneuritis equi
◦ Grass sickness (Dysautonomia)
◦ Temporohyoid osteoarthropathy
◦ Guttural pouch (Mycosis, neoplasia, empyema)
◦ Petrous temporal bone fracture/osteomyelitis

Question 9

what are the muscular aetiology causes of pytalism in horses?

Answer 9

• Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis - HYPP
• nutritional muscular dystrophy - NMD
• Polysaccharide storage myopathy - PSSM
• Masseter myositis
• Hypocalcemic tetany/eclampsia
• Myotonia
• Rectus capitis ventralis rupture
• White snake root toxicity
• Megaesophagus