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PSY 2410 > Weight and Obesity > Flashcards

Weight and Obesity Flashcards

1
Q

Explain basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

body’s base rate of energy usage, influenced by heredity, age, activity level, and body composition

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2
Q

Explain the set point hypothesis

A
  • set point of individuals weight thermostat

- below this weight = increase in hunger and lowered metabolic rate may act to restore lost weight

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3
Q

What are fat cells? some key components?

A

adipocytes: collapsible cells that store fat

  • fat-cell hyperplasia - fat cells divide when reach full capacity
  • once fat cells increase, they NEVER decrease
  • healthy: 25-30 billion
  • Obese: 200 billion
  • fat becomes endocrine (hormonal tissue)
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4
Q

In appetite regulation, explain the function of the lateral hypothalamus (LH)

A
  • stimulation leads to hunger

- lesioning leads to self-starvation

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5
Q

In appetite regulation, explain the function of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

A
  • lesioning leads to hunger

- stimulation causes animals to stop eating

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6
Q

In appetite regulation, explain the function of the circulatory system: hunger/satiety(fullness)

A
  • hunger rises and falls with levels of glucose and insulin

- links to the number of fat cells

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7
Q

In appetite regulation, explain insulin

A
  • comes from the pancreas

- helps convert glucose into fat; increase cues hunger

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8
Q

In appetite regulation, explain ghrelin

A
  • comes from the stomach

- appetite stimulant

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9
Q

In appetite regulation, explain cholecystokinin (CCK)

A
  • comes form the intestine

- satiety (fullness) hormones

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10
Q

In appetite regulation, explain PYY

A

appetite suppressant

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11
Q

Explain the longer-term weight regulation with the mice study

A
  • mice with low leptin became obese (had uncontrollable hunger)
  • leptin usually increases with body fat to produce fat cells
  • leptin-obesity connection: leptin receptors less sensitive in obese people, are people producing more leptin to compensate?
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12
Q

Where are the most receptors for leptin?

A

neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus; master center for short/long term weight regulation

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13
Q

Explain the difference between bad and good fats

A

bad fats

  • transfats (hydrogen added to vegetable oil)
  • saturated fat (no double bond)

good

  • monounsaturated fat
  • polyunsaturated fat
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14
Q

explain easy and slow burn

A

easy - body expends only 3 calories to turn 100 calories of fat into body fat
slower - body expends 25 calories to turn 100 calories of carbohydrate into body fat
- westerners eat about 40-45 calories from just fats

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15
Q

explain serum cholesterol

A

waxy substance essential for strong cell walls and myelination found in lipoproteins

  • triglycerides
  • low-density lipoproteins (LDL) - linked to heart disease
  • high-density lipoproteins (HDL) - may offer some protection against heart disease

Healthy Levels
total serum below 200 of blood
- LDL/triglycerides - below 100 in blood each
- HDL - above 40 of blood

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16
Q

What is a good predictor of heart disease

A

LDL; low-density lipoproteins

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17
Q

Explain the ranges for BMI (body mass index)

A 
underweight - under 18.5 
normal - 18.5 to 24.9 
overweight - 25 - 29.9 
obese - 30 to 40 
morbid - 40 and over
18
Q

what what is male pattern for obesity?

A
  • apple shaped
  • atherosclerosis (s a disease in which plaque (plak) builds up inside your arteries)
  • hypertension, diabetes
19
Q

explain metabolic syndrome

A

abdominal obesity, higher triglyceride levels and blood pressure, hyperinsulinemia (type 2 diabetes)

20
Q

explain weight cycling

A

repeated weight gains and losses over years

21
Q

explain mortality and BMI chart

A

it is U shape low and high ends have higher mortality rate

22
Q

what is the percentage of likelihood of obesity from genes

A

50%

23
Q

What is a food desert?

A

no where to get food, only fast food available

24
Q

what are some of the statistics for dieting

A
  • success in weight loss is loss (only 10% of weight loss maintained after 1 year)
  • 55% of adults want to lose weight, 27% seriously trying
  • 17% of teens aged 12 to 19 trying to lose weight
25
Q

Why do diets typically fail

A
  • people are not accurate in calorie needs
  • dieter underestimate consumption (recall bias, mealtime amnesia)
  • Difficult to maintain
26
Q

What are some of the behavior modification programs.

A
  • stimulus control (controlling cues for eating)
  • self control
  • adding aerobic exercise
  • contingency contracts/management (get repaid)
  • social support
  • careful self-monitoring
  • relapse prevention
27
Q

how is cognitive behavioral therapy for weight loss

A
  • links feelings, thoughts, and behavior consequences, social context and physiology
    • control eliminate negative thoughts related to weight/dieting
  • gradual weight loss and weight loss management
28
Q

explain the stepped care for obesity

A

first people are ranked 1-4 for severity of being overweight based on % overweight, then they get placed into 1 of 2 of 5 different steps for their severity

step 1) self-diet, self help programs, work site programs
step 2) commercial programs, behavioral programs
step 3) hospital-based program, very low-calorie diets
step4) private counseling, residential treatment programs
step 5) surgery

29
Q

What are some community strategies for weight loss?

A
  • affordable healthy foods
  • support healthy food and beverages choices
  • breast feeding
  • physical activity for children/teens
  • safe community that support physical activity
  • community organization change
30
Q

explain some of the components for history and demographics for eating disorders

A

1689 first documents case of anorexia nervosa

  • 10 women per 1 man
  • anorexia - 0.6%
  • bulimia - 1.0%
  • binge-eating disorder - 1.0%
31
Q

What are the criteria for anorexia nervous?

A
  • self-starvation
  • intense fear of weight gain
  • disturbance of body image
32
Q

What are some of the health hazards for anorexia?

A 
Severe nutrition/calorie restriction:
• Slowed thyroid function
• Irregular breathing and heart rhythm
• Low blood pressure
• Dry and yellowed skin
• Brittle bones
• Anemia, light-headedness, and dehydration • Swollen joints and reduced muscle mass
• Intolerance to cold temperatures
• Starvation
• Death (2-15 % mortality rate)
– Cardiac failure
33
Q

What are the criteria for bulimia nervosa

A

– Recurrent episodes of binge eating
– Recurrent compensatory behavior to avoid weight gain
– Bulimic (binge-purge) episode at least once per week for
at least 3 months
– Self-evaluation unduly influenced by body shape/weight
– Exclusive of anorexia nervosa
• Binge-eating disorder: binge-eating episodes create distressed feelings but no compensatory behaviors

34
Q

In the biological factors for eating disorder explain the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.

A

– HPA abnormalities that may promote depression are linked with both anorexia and bulimia
– HPA abnormalities return to normal when disordered eating stops
• Disorderedeating –> HPA directionality?

35
Q

In the biological factors for eating disorder explain Abnormal endorphin levels

A

– Opiate antagonists used to reduce binge-purge episodes • Diminishes food ‘high,’ and subsequent need/desire for
compensatory purge?

36
Q

In eating disorder psychological factors explain the issues with the social environment

A

– Competitive, semi-closed environments of some
athletic teams and sororities – Families of anorexics
• High achieving
• Competitive
• Overprotective
• Intense interactions
• Poor conflict resolution

37
Q

In eating disorder psychological factors explains the issues with families of bulimia patients

A

– Above-average incidence of alcoholism, substance
abuse, obesity, and depression
– Anorexic and bulimic daughters rate their relationships with their parents as disengaged, unfriendly, and even hostile
– Less accepted by their parents, who are perceived as overly critical, neglectful, and poor communicators

38
Q

Explain some of the issues with eating disorder sociocultural factor

A
  • Dieting/disordered eating viewed as responses to social roles, cultural ideals
  • Shown photographs of ultra-thin actresses and models, respond with increased shame, depression, and dissatisfaction with their own bodies
39
Q

the typical women seen on tv are typically the thinnest ___ to ___ % of american women

A

5

10

40
Q

What are some of the ways to treat eating disorder

A
  • restoring body weight (force feeding)

- behavioral treatments (family therapy)

41
Q

What are the cognitive behavioral therapy for eating disorders

A

• Treatment of choice for bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder
• Designed to:
– Enhance motivation for change
– Replace unhealthy dieting with regular and flexible patterns of eating
– Reduce an unhealthy concern with body weight and shape
– Prevent relapse

42
Q

What is the death rate for the treatment of eating disorder

A

5 - 10%

PSY 2410 (8 decks)

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