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Budget > Weeks 9 & 10 > Flashcards

Weeks 9 & 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main types of IV fluids?

A

Isotonic fluids
Hypertonic fluids
hypotonic fluids

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2
Q

what does isotonic fluids do?

A
  • The amount of water transported into the cell equal to the mount of water transported out from the cell.
  • Solution concentration inside the cell is equal to the solution outside the cell.
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3
Q

What does Hypotonic fluids do?

A
  • The cells inflate and eventually burst

- Water is transported into the cells and the solution concentration inside the cell is higher.

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4
Q

What do Hypertonic fluids do?

A
  • The cells shrink

- Water is transported out from the cell

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5
Q

What are the two main groups of fluids?

A
  • Crystalloids

- Colloids

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6
Q

What are crystalloids?

A
  • Clear solution, fluids made up of water and electrolyte solutions.
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7
Q

What are colloids?

A
  • Large molecules weight solutions
  • Initially these fluids stay almost entirely in the intravascular space for a prolonged period of time compared to crystalloids.
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8
Q

Opioid analgesics have two types of effects which are?

A
  • Peripheral effects

- Central Effects

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9
Q

What are some central effects of opioid use?

A
  • Hypotension
  • Bradycardia
  • Pupil constriction
  • Nausea and vomiting
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10
Q

What are some peripheral effects of opioid use?

A
  • spasms of sphincter muscles
  • suppression of some spinal reflexes
  • severe itching
  • severe constipation
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11
Q

What is the mechanisms of action for NSAIDS?

A
  • Inhibit the enzyme cyclo- oxygenate

- prostaglandins are synthesised by most cells in the body and bind to a number of PG receptors.

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12
Q

What are some side effects associated with Morphine?

A
  • light headiness
  • dizziness
  • Sedation
  • N & V
  • respiratory arrest
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13
Q

What are the indications for morphine use?

A
  • Relief of pain
  • Preop med
  • severe chronic pain
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14
Q

What are the indications for Fentanyl use?

A
  • Analgesia before and after surgery
  • Control of breakthrough pain
  • Chronic pain
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15
Q

What are the pethidine indications?

A
  • relief of moderate to severe pain
  • post op shivering
  • pre op analgesia
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16
Q

What are some adverse effects associated with NSAIDS?

A
  • Renal fluid retention
  • Skin reactions
  • Can precipitate asthma attacks.
17
Q

What is acute pain?

A

Type of pain lasting no longer than 3-6 months or pain that is directly related to soft tissue damage and only lasts a short period of time.

18
Q

What is Chronic pain?

A

Chronic pain is any pain lasting longer that 12 weeks.

19
Q

What is neuropathic pain?

A

Neuropathic pain is caused by damage or disease affecting the somatosensory nervous systems.

20
Q

Nociceptive pain is what?

A

Type of pain you feel when you burn yourself, aching, burning or stinging pain.

21
Q

What are the mediators involved in the transmission or relief of pain?

A
  • 5HT
  • Noradrenaline
  • GABA
  • Prostaglandins
  • Endogenous opioids.
22
Q

The four characteristics of inflammation are?

A

1- blood vessels dilating causing swelling
2- cellular infiltration
3- tissue repair

23
Q

What are the four types of hypersensitivity

A

1- Immediate reaction
2- Antibody dependent
3- Complex mediated reaction
4- Cell mediated

24
Q

What are the primary types of immunity?

A
  • Cell mediated

- Antibody mediated immunity

25
Q

What is active immunity?

A

Developed when the persons own cells produce antibodies in response to infection and viruses.

26
Q

What is Passive immunity?

A

Developed when antibodies are produced in other organisms are injected into a persons to counter act the antigen= Snake venom, it provides immediate release.

27
Q

What is Gram positive?

A

Any bacteria that is non resistant to antibiotics

28
Q

What is gram negative?

A

Any bacteria that is resistant to antibiotics such as MRSA.

29
Q

Chemotherapy is defined as what?

A

The referral of drugs to treat cancers.

30
Q

What is colonisation?

A

Microorganisms in the body tissue or organs

31
Q

What is Bacteraemia?

A

Presence of viable bacteria in the circulatory system.

32
Q

What is septicaemia?

A

The systemic infection caused by microorganisms multiply

33
Q

What do Bacteriostatic agents inhibit?

A

Bacterial growth allowing intact and active host defence systems.

34
Q

Bactericidal agents cause what?

A

Bacteria cell death

Budget (4 decks)

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