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Cognitive Science > Weeks 8-10 > Flashcards

Weeks 8-10 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Digit Span Task?

A

test in which the participant hears a list of digits and is asked to recall them in exact order, either backwards or forward

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2
Q

What is the Nonword Span Task?

A

a test in which participants hear gibberish or non-words and asked to repeat them back

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3
Q

What is the Complex Span Tasks?

A

Listening to a sentence, repeat it, then answer t/f, then repeat the last word of the sentences

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4
Q

What is the N-back task?

A

Task in which items (e.g., letters) are presented one at a time and participants must identify each item that repeats relative to the item that occurred “n” items before its onset.

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5
Q

Two components to Complex span tasks

A

word span and comprehension

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6
Q

Factors to design a complex span task

A

sentence length, length of last word, frequency of last word, sentence structure, and sentence meaning

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7
Q

Modal Approach to Memory

A

Sensory Memory, Short Term Memory, and Long-Term Memory

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8
Q

Sensory Memory

A

holds information in specific senses and holds them for a fraction of a second

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9
Q

Short Term Memory

A

Hold information for brief periods, number of unrelat- ed pieces is +/- 7, and can overcome with clunking

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10
Q

Sternberg’s approach to STM

A

STM is serial and exhaustive

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11
Q

Baddeleys Approach to STM

A

STM is Working memory

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12
Q

Is Sternberg’s or Baddeleys Approach to STM used more today?

A

Baddeley because it involves working memory

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13
Q

Working Memory

A

maintains and processes information the short term memory

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14
Q

Parts of Working Memory

A

Central Executive, Phonological Loop, and Visuospatial Sketchpad

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15
Q

Central Executive

A

coordinates and controls incoming information

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16
Q

Phonological Loop

A

processes audio information

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16
Q

Visuospatial Sketchpad

A

processes visual information

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17
Q

Coding

A

Arranging items into identifiable categories

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18
Q

What are tests that measure working memory capacity?

A

The Digit Span, Nonword Span, Complex Span, and N-back tasks.

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19
Q

What is Primacy effect?

A

The tendency for the first information we receive to be remembered rather than the other information.

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20
Q

What is Parallel Search?

A

The process of searching for many thing at once with no decrease in efficiency.

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20
Q

What is Proactive Interference?

A

When previous learned information interferes with new information learned.

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21
Q

What is Proactive Interference?

A

When previous learned information interferes with new information learned.

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22
Q

What is Recency Effect?

A

The tendency for things to be remembered when they are last or most recently learned.

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23
Q

What is Serial Position Effect?

A

The effect of a items position in a list to be learned on how well it is remembered

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24
Q

What is Serial Search?

A

Te process of searching for one target at a time

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25
Q

What does the complex span task measure?

A

The working memory quality and quantity of storage

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26
Q

What is connective processing?

A

Connects concepts with other things and experiences

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27
Q

What helps turn STM to LTM?

A

Connective Processing

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28
Q

What processing is involved with LTM?

A

Top-Down processing

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29
Q

What two kinds of matching does LTM do to process information?

A

Prototype Matching and Template Matching

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30
Q

Can working memory processing capacity be measured?

A

Yes, because it is limited

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31
Q

Can long term memory’s processing capacity be measured?

A

No, its very hard to measure

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32
Q

How can you turn STM into LTM?

A

With practice and chunking

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33
Q

Where is the LTM localized?

A

Hippocampus and amygdala

34
Q

What does the hippocampus do in LTM?

A

Involved with creating new memories

35
Q

What are the six classifications in LTM?

A

Procedural Memory, Declarative Memory, Episodic Memory, Semantic Memory, Implicit Memory, and Explicit Memory

36
Q

What is Procedural Memory?

A

Apart of LTM; cannot be described. once learned you cannot unlearn because the procedure is stored

37
Q

What is Declarative Memory?

A

Apart of LTM; can be described. Knowledge that can be explained

38
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Apart of LTM; previous experiences memory, state depending and mood dependent. specific timestamp

39
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

Apart of LTM; can be described. general knowledge but don’t know when learned. No specific timestamp

40
Q

What memory are you using when you think about the history of astronomy?

A

Semantic Memory

41
Q

What memory are you using when you think about an event 10 years ago?

A

Episodic Memory

42
Q

What is implicit memory?

A

Apart of LTM; unconscious, things processed and learned unconsciously like actions

43
Q

What is explicit memory?

A

Apart of LTM; conscious, things that can be consciously recalled like facts and processes

44
Q

What is rote learning?

A

learning by memorization

45
Q

What is shallow processing?

A

Encoding on a basic level, no type of encoding the meaning.

46
Q

What is deep processing?

A

Encoding meaning and deeper level definition

47
Q

What are the three types of attention focus in Craik and Tulving experiment?

A

Written form, sound and category

48
Q

What did Craik and Tulving find?

A

Proves that learning by meaning is the most helpful for LTM

49
Q

What is Mnemonics?

A

How we store things by using different strategies

50
Q

What is Recoding?

A

Taking the scattered pieces of information into meaningful units

51
Q

What is cued recall?

A

Real that follows a “cue” of some sort

52
Q

What is Paired associate learning task?

A

connecting a cue to a target

53
Q

What is free recall?

A

recall without any cue

54
Q

What is the verbals fluency task?

A

recall as many words as possible in a given category

55
Q

Why do we forget?

A

to free space for more information

56
Q

What differs interference from decay?

A

Information gets replaced with other info

57
Q

What differs decay from interference?

A

Time replaces information

58
Q

What is retroactive interference?

A

New Information interferes with old

59
Q

How is knowledge described in LTM?

A

Personal experiences and concepts

60
Q

What is the classical definition of concept?

A

Each thing has a set of “things” and to categories something, it has to have all of the “things”

61
Q

What is the knowledge based definition of concept?

A

prior knowledge about these objects is required for categorizing them together

62
Q

How do we link words with the things that the word represents?

A

Based on the concreteness of the word and the language specifics

63
Q

Where is the localization of concrete words known?

A

Parietal Lobe

64
Q

What is mental rotation?

A

The ability to imagine how an object will look after it has been moved in space

65
Q

What kind of processing does mental rotation take?

A

Top-down processing

66
Q

Where is the localization of mental rotation?

A

Parietal lobe and premotor cortex

67
Q

What did Cooper and Shepards experiment show in mental rotation?

A

The larger the rotation, the more work it took to visualize the rotation.

68
Q

Who did Pardo-Vazquez and Hernandez-Rey find in their mental rotation experiment?

A

Mental rotation is highly correlated with working memory capacity

69
Q

Who came up with the Principles of Visual Imagery?

A

Finke

70
Q

What are the 4 principles of visual imagery?

A

Implicit encoding, Perceptual equivalence, Spatial Equivalence, Transformational Equivalence, and Structural Equivalence

71
Q

What Is implicit encoding?

A

A principle of visual imagery; unconsciously encoding details of an object/space/person/image/etc.

72
Q

What is perceptual equivalence?

A

A principle of visual imagery; mental image is similar to how it actually is perceiving it in real life

73
Q

What is spatial equivalence?

A

A principle of visual imagery; knowing the space and time to get to point A and B without actually seeing it in person.

74
Q

What is transformational equivalence?

A

A principle of visual imagery; mental rotation

75
Q

What is Structural equivalence?

A

A principle of visual imagery; imagined objects and the features of it are similar to the object in real life

76
Q

What did Kosslyn and al find in their experiments in structural equivalence?

A

There’s a positive correlation between reaction time and number of parts.

77
Q

What is spatial cognition?

A

The interaction between the mental 3D space and the actual environment

78
Q

What are Ragni and Stolzenbergs higher level cognition fundamentals?

A

Language, Reasoning, Problem solving, and decision making

79
Q

What is Chomskys view of language?

A

Language is innate, and there’s universal grammar

80
Q

What is Skinners view of language?

A

Language is learned, stimulus-response

81
Q

Is language required for thinking?

A

No, our brain can adapt without it, but it can be essential

82
Q

What is the Clever Hans Effect?

A

Inadvertently cueing an animal or human (facilitated communication)

83
Q

Who was Koko the gorilla?

A

A gorilla that learned sign language to communicate

84
Q

Who was Kanzi the gorilla?

A

A gorilla that used lexigrams to communicate

Cognitive Science (2 decks)

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