Weeks 8-10 Flashcards
What is the Digit Span Task?
test in which the participant hears a list of digits and is asked to recall them in exact order, either backwards or forward
What is the Nonword Span Task?
a test in which participants hear gibberish or non-words and asked to repeat them back
What is the Complex Span Tasks?
Listening to a sentence, repeat it, then answer t/f, then repeat the last word of the sentences
What is the N-back task?
Task in which items (e.g., letters) are presented one at a time and participants must identify each item that repeats relative to the item that occurred “n” items before its onset.
Two components to Complex span tasks
word span and comprehension
Factors to design a complex span task
sentence length, length of last word, frequency of last word, sentence structure, and sentence meaning
Modal Approach to Memory
Sensory Memory, Short Term Memory, and Long-Term Memory
Sensory Memory
holds information in specific senses and holds them for a fraction of a second
Short Term Memory
Hold information for brief periods, number of unrelat- ed pieces is +/- 7, and can overcome with clunking
Sternberg’s approach to STM
STM is serial and exhaustive
Baddeleys Approach to STM
STM is Working memory
Is Sternberg’s or Baddeleys Approach to STM used more today?
Baddeley because it involves working memory
Working Memory
maintains and processes information the short term memory
Parts of Working Memory
Central Executive, Phonological Loop, and Visuospatial Sketchpad
Central Executive
coordinates and controls incoming information
Phonological Loop
processes audio information
Visuospatial Sketchpad
processes visual information
Coding
Arranging items into identifiable categories
What are tests that measure working memory capacity?
The Digit Span, Nonword Span, Complex Span, and N-back tasks.
What is Primacy effect?
The tendency for the first information we receive to be remembered rather than the other information.
What is Parallel Search?
The process of searching for many thing at once with no decrease in efficiency.
What is Proactive Interference?
When previous learned information interferes with new information learned.
What is Proactive Interference?
When previous learned information interferes with new information learned.
What is Recency Effect?
The tendency for things to be remembered when they are last or most recently learned.
What is Serial Position Effect?
The effect of a items position in a list to be learned on how well it is remembered
What is Serial Search?
Te process of searching for one target at a time
What does the complex span task measure?
The working memory quality and quantity of storage
What is connective processing?
Connects concepts with other things and experiences
What helps turn STM to LTM?
Connective Processing
What processing is involved with LTM?
Top-Down processing
What two kinds of matching does LTM do to process information?
Prototype Matching and Template Matching
Can working memory processing capacity be measured?
Yes, because it is limited
Can long term memory’s processing capacity be measured?
No, its very hard to measure
How can you turn STM into LTM?
With practice and chunking
Where is the LTM localized?
Hippocampus and amygdala
What does the hippocampus do in LTM?
Involved with creating new memories
What are the six classifications in LTM?
Procedural Memory, Declarative Memory, Episodic Memory, Semantic Memory, Implicit Memory, and Explicit Memory
What is Procedural Memory?
Apart of LTM; cannot be described. once learned you cannot unlearn because the procedure is stored
What is Declarative Memory?
Apart of LTM; can be described. Knowledge that can be explained
What is episodic memory?
Apart of LTM; previous experiences memory, state depending and mood dependent. specific timestamp
What is semantic memory?
Apart of LTM; can be described. general knowledge but don’t know when learned. No specific timestamp
What memory are you using when you think about the history of astronomy?
Semantic Memory
What memory are you using when you think about an event 10 years ago?
Episodic Memory
What is implicit memory?
Apart of LTM; unconscious, things processed and learned unconsciously like actions
What is explicit memory?
Apart of LTM; conscious, things that can be consciously recalled like facts and processes
What is rote learning?
learning by memorization
What is shallow processing?
Encoding on a basic level, no type of encoding the meaning.
What is deep processing?
Encoding meaning and deeper level definition
What are the three types of attention focus in Craik and Tulving experiment?
Written form, sound and category
What did Craik and Tulving find?
Proves that learning by meaning is the most helpful for LTM
What is Mnemonics?
How we store things by using different strategies
What is Recoding?
Taking the scattered pieces of information into meaningful units
What is cued recall?
Real that follows a “cue” of some sort
What is Paired associate learning task?
connecting a cue to a target
What is free recall?
recall without any cue
What is the verbals fluency task?
recall as many words as possible in a given category
Why do we forget?
to free space for more information
What differs interference from decay?
Information gets replaced with other info
What differs decay from interference?
Time replaces information
What is retroactive interference?
New Information interferes with old
How is knowledge described in LTM?
Personal experiences and concepts
What is the classical definition of concept?
Each thing has a set of “things” and to categories something, it has to have all of the “things”
What is the knowledge based definition of concept?
prior knowledge about these objects is required for categorizing them together
How do we link words with the things that the word represents?
Based on the concreteness of the word and the language specifics
Where is the localization of concrete words known?
Parietal Lobe
What is mental rotation?
The ability to imagine how an object will look after it has been moved in space
What kind of processing does mental rotation take?
Top-down processing
Where is the localization of mental rotation?
Parietal lobe and premotor cortex
What did Cooper and Shepards experiment show in mental rotation?
The larger the rotation, the more work it took to visualize the rotation.
Who did Pardo-Vazquez and Hernandez-Rey find in their mental rotation experiment?
Mental rotation is highly correlated with working memory capacity
Who came up with the Principles of Visual Imagery?
Finke
What are the 4 principles of visual imagery?
Implicit encoding, Perceptual equivalence, Spatial Equivalence, Transformational Equivalence, and Structural Equivalence
What Is implicit encoding?
A principle of visual imagery; unconsciously encoding details of an object/space/person/image/etc.
What is perceptual equivalence?
A principle of visual imagery; mental image is similar to how it actually is perceiving it in real life
What is spatial equivalence?
A principle of visual imagery; knowing the space and time to get to point A and B without actually seeing it in person.
What is transformational equivalence?
A principle of visual imagery; mental rotation
What is Structural equivalence?
A principle of visual imagery; imagined objects and the features of it are similar to the object in real life
What did Kosslyn and al find in their experiments in structural equivalence?
There’s a positive correlation between reaction time and number of parts.
What is spatial cognition?
The interaction between the mental 3D space and the actual environment
What are Ragni and Stolzenbergs higher level cognition fundamentals?
Language, Reasoning, Problem solving, and decision making
What is Chomskys view of language?
Language is innate, and there’s universal grammar
What is Skinners view of language?
Language is learned, stimulus-response
Is language required for thinking?
No, our brain can adapt without it, but it can be essential
What is the Clever Hans Effect?
Inadvertently cueing an animal or human (facilitated communication)
Who was Koko the gorilla?
A gorilla that learned sign language to communicate
Who was Kanzi the gorilla?
A gorilla that used lexigrams to communicate
