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Cognitive Science > Quiz 4 > Flashcards

Quiz 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Mental Set

A

one’s strategy/preference to approach a problem

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2
Q

How were people able to solve the tumor problem?

A

An analogy

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3
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

A fixed mental set for the function of an object

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4
Q

Example problem for functional fixedness

A

attaching a candle to wall or 2 string problem

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5
Q

What mattered in the candle problem?

A

Where the tacks were placed

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6
Q

Divergent Thinking

A

Expands the number of possible problem solutions

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7
Q

Convergent thinking

A

narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

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8
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

Ability to solve new problems

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9
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

Ability to solve similar problems that you have encountered before

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10
Q

How do we measure intelligence?

A

IQ (linguistic, numerical and spatial ability)

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11
Q

Answering a question on an IQ test involves…

A

problem solving, reasoning, decision making, and language

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12
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

the process of applying a general statement to specific facts or situations

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13
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

reasoning form detailed facts to general principles

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14
Q

Categorical syllogism

A

a syllogism in which the premises and conclusion describe the relationship between two categories by using statements that begin with all, no, or some; deductive reasoning

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15
Q

Propositional Reasoning

A

The fact or assertion that you can infer from a sentence

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16
Q

Content effect in four card task

A

Four card task where you have to choose which cards you would flip to see if the rules are true; people perform better when the example.cards are an example of real life; supports linguistic relativism

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17
Q

Analogical Reasoning

A

Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second; inductive reasoning

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18
Q

Ravens Progressive Matrices

A

Exception to inductive reasoning because there is only one possible outcome; showed that language can also impact spatial reasoning because deaf/language impaired people performed worse even though language isn’t needed; supports linguistic relativism

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19
Q

Hypothesis testing is an example of…

A

inductive reasoning

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20
Q

Null Hypothesis

A

the hypothesis that there is no significant difference between specified populations, any observed difference being bue to sampling or experimental error

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21
Q

Alternative hypothesis

A

The hypothesis that states there is a difference between two or more sets of data

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22
Q

Type 1 error

A

Rejecting null hypothesis when it is true; false positive

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23
Q

Type 2 error

A

Failing to rejecting a false null hypothesis; false negative

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24
Q

Confirmation bias

A

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

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25
Q

Higher level cognition

A

problem solving, reasoning, and decision making

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26
Q

Box and arrow model of answering a multiple choice question

A

Perception-> retrieving meaning of words from semantic memory to understand question -> reasoning-> problem solving-> decision making -> shift attention to next question

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27
Q

Things to help you make decisions

A

Decision trees or cost and benefits lists

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28
Q

Utility Maximization

A

The proposal that people make decisions by selecting the option that has the greatest utility

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29
Q

Reason based choice

A

A proposal for how people make decisions, The central idea is that people make a choice when and only when they detect what they believe to be a persuasive reason for making that choice

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30
Q

Framing

A

The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can affect decisions and judgements

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31
Q

Decision making process

A

Understand problem, set goal and formulate a hypothesis, brainstorm possible solutions, weigh costs and benefits, final decision

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32
Q

Disease problem and monetary reward problem illustrates…

A

framing

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33
Q

What does framing support?

A

Linguistic Relativism

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34
Q

Other factors in decision making

A

age

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35
Q

Substance abuse and Decision making

A

Balloon task study showed that weed smokers made riskier decisions; card game also showed these results with weed and cocaine

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36
Q

Emotion control and decision making

A

patients with damage to their orbitofrontal cortex made riskier decisions in the card game

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37
Q

Children decision making

A

Children rely on environmental reliability because they don’t have the other necessary cognitive processes

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38
Q

Environmental reliability experiments

A

break a promise in treatment group and don’t in control group and see how that affects decision making

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39
Q

What is needed for mental stimulation of the selected action to occur?

A

Experience in order to imagine possible outcomes

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40
Q

If something is familiar, then we…

A

Quickly select an action instead of planning first

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41
Q

If something is unfamiliar then we…

A

Reassess and seek more information

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42
Q

Utility maximization

A

Maximize values when making a decision

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43
Q

Piagets stages of cognitive development

A

sensorimotor (birth-1.5), pre-operational (1.5-7), concrete operational(7-12), formal operational (12+)

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44
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A

Building up the database of memory representation through sensation and perception

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45
Q

Object permanence

A

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

46
Q

Why is peek a boo funny?

A

Because young kids haven’t developed object permanence

47
Q

Pre-operational Stage

A

Burst of vocab size, arbitrary association between sound and object, language specific labels, egocentrism, development of theory of mind

48
Q

Ecocentric

A

Thinking from ones own perspective

49
Q

Theory of mind

A

peoples ideas about their own and others mental states’ about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict (seeing from others point of view, sympathy, lying/cheating, and socialization)

50
Q

Test of theory of mind

A

Sally-Anne False belief task

51
Q

Autism delays the development of…

A

Theory of mind

52
Q

Sally-Anne false belief task

A

fail: say where ball actually is even though Sally doesn’t know succeed: say Sally’s false belief; Children understand these tasks when they have theory of mind

53
Q

What did the theory of mind test with deaf children show?

A

That piaget is inaccurate because 4-7 year olds have many difference; medium of instruction matters

54
Q

Failing to mentally reverse an action is in which stage?

A

Pre-operatioal Stage

55
Q

Mental Reversal of Action Example

A

Dot test: Which line has more dots?; Kids who haven’t developed mental rotation/sense of quantity say the spread out dot pattern has more dots

56
Q

Concrete Operations

A

Theory of mind developed; Ability to reverse transformation in their mind; developed sense of quantity

57
Q

Formal operations stage

A

Logical thinking: solving abstract problems; reflective abstraction: learning by self reflection from past experiences

58
Q

Potential problems with piagets theory

A

Noteveryone follows these discrete stages of development; age ranges are false; theorized based on his 3 kids; experimenter bias in questions

59
Q

Experimenter bias

A

A phenomenon that occurs when a researchers expectation of preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained

60
Q

Perceptual development in infancy

A

Evidence against Piagets theory of development; Piaget thought babies in sensorimotor stage show no difference in their response when seeing both events; this study showed that 3 month old babies already showed surprisal when seeing the impossible event

61
Q

Nativism

A

Biologically Determined (nature); chomsky

62
Q

Empiricim

A

Learning through experiences; assumes that the mind is a blank slate at birth

63
Q

Behaviorism

A

Conditioning and reinforcement

64
Q

How did Chomsky argue against behaviorism

A

He said that the input from the environment isn’t good enough for kids to acquire their native language

65
Q

Analytic approach

A

older children do this better than younger; pay more attentions to details/features

66
Q

What approach do younger kids use?

A

Holistic approach

67
Q

Shape bias

A

2-3 year olds categorize objects by shape with the same label

68
Q

Object recognition experiment

A

Studied if the level of detail of objects affected correct categorization in kids with varying level of vocabulary; level of detail of objects didn’t affect categorization in kids who had the largest vocab; least level of detail improved over time which shows that abstract objects recognition develops over time

69
Q

Development of working memory experiment

A

Looked at digit, word, and letter span; showed that working memory capacity increases with age

70
Q

Alternate explanations to development of working memory

A

Processing speed rather than memory capacity increases with age; less familiar with the experimental contexts and procedures at younger ages

71
Q

Contributing factors to differences in cognitive abilities

A

Attention span, inhibitory control, memory capacity, processing speed, spatial cognition, reasoning skills, and problem solving skills

72
Q

Cognitive Style

A

preferred ways of solving problems and making decisions

73
Q

Cognitive Styles is associated with _____ and influenced by____

A

Personality and external factors

74
Q

Field-dependent style

A

A learning style in which a persons perception of and thinking about a task or problem are strongly influenced by such contextual factors

75
Q

Field-independent style

A

People who perceive the elements of an environment as separate from each other and as standing out from the background

76
Q

What types of style is better for the embedded figure test?

A

Field independent because they are better at suppressing irrelevant information

77
Q

Framed line test

A

looks at individual difference in cognitive styles and the cultural effect; found that Japanese people are field dependent and American are field independent; absolute task: redrawn line is same length; relative task: redrawn line is same ratio

78
Q

How do we know location matters for the framed line test?

A

Because Americans in Japan perform like Japanese and vice versa

79
Q

Reflectivity

A

Careful in making decisions

80
Q

Impulsivity

A

Fast but lots of erros

81
Q

What test looks at reflectivity and impulsivity?

A

Matching familiar figure test

82
Q

Matching familiar figures test

A

MDMA users made a lot more errors but faster response

83
Q

What else does matching familiar figures test measure?

A

Visual search/perception, attention, decision making, search strategy, etc.

84
Q

Learning

A

process leading to the acquisition of knowledge and skills

85
Q

Explicit Learning

A

Learning that involved conscious awareness of what has been learned

86
Q

Example of explicit learning

A

Lecture

87
Q

Implicit Learning

A

Learning that takes place largely independent of awareness of both the process and the products of information acquisition

88
Q

Examples of implicit learning

A

Speech, playing music, skill in sports, artistic ability, culture

89
Q

Implicit sequential learning experiment

A

Seeing sequences of faces on the screen; significant decrease in reaction time as the session went on which shows evidence of implicit learning; slower reaction time in unstructured than structured sequences which is evidence of implicit learning

90
Q

Surprisal Effect in faces/implicit learning study

A

Unstructured sequenced yielded larger fMRI activation than structured ones

91
Q

Contributing factors to individual differences in learning

A

Cognitive abilities, motivation, learning styles, etc.

92
Q

Honey and Mufford learning style questionairre

A

Activists: learn by doing; Reflectors: Learn by reflection; Theorisits: learn through models and concepts; Pragmatists: learn bu putting theories into practice

93
Q

Cognitive Aging

A

Lifelong process of gradual, ongoing yet highly variable change in cognitive functions that occur as people get older that is not a disease or a quantifiable level of function

94
Q

What may contribute to individual differences in cognitive aging?

A

Health and living environment, stimulus, cognitive styles, etc.

95
Q

What skills are least impacted by cognitive aging?

A

Numeric ability and verbal ability

96
Q

What skills are most impacted by cognitive aging

A

verbal memory, spatial orientation, perceptual speed and inductive reasoning

97
Q

Inhibitory control

A

being aware of the stimulus change and shift attention accordingly

98
Q

Cognitive aging in bilinguals inhibitory control study

A

colors and pressing keys computer test; congruent: red dot on right edge; incongruent: red dot on left edge; simon effect = RT-RT; Simon effect is greater in older people; Monolinguals experience even larger simon effect than bilinguals

99
Q

What other processes are involved in the simon task

A

Keeping instruction in mind; Seeing the dot; Attending the dot, Shifting from one edge to the other; response

100
Q

Is everything in our cognition influenced by culture?

A

Cultural relativism: cognitive process influence by culture; Culture universality: cognitive process independent of culture

101
Q

Cultural influence on cognition; an empiricist view

A

How do you fill in the blank slate with our experience; the source of experience is sensorimotor and culture

102
Q

Cultural influence on cognition; a behvaiorist view

A

Your behavior can also be conditioned by your culture

103
Q

How do cultures influence cognition?

A

Learning styles, memory recall, categorization, perception and counting

104
Q

Example of cultural influence on counting

A

Oksapmi; can be explained by conditioning, supports cultural relativism

105
Q

Example of cultural influence on memory recall

A

Different cultures have different object frequencies

106
Q

Example of Cultural influence on categorixation

A

Knowledge based categorization: cultural and educational influence on knowledge; prototypes and exemplars vary

107
Q

Piraha counting system supports…

A

Linguistic relativism and cultural relativism

108
Q

Individual difference can result from…

A

Cognitive styels, cognitive abilities, cognitive aging, ad well as cultural influences

109
Q

Our decision making be be influenced by…

A

Substance abuse, age, framing of outcomes and emotion

110
Q

In an emergency, what kind of mechanism do experts use to make decision to solve a problem?

A

Recognition primed decision

111
Q

Recognition primed decision

A

a decision that is quickly made following recognition of a situation

Cognitive Science (2 decks)

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