Weeks 7-9

Question 1

Age-types

Answer 1

1. Biological=the condition of an individual’s organs and body systems
2. Psychological age=an individual’s ability to adapt, solve problems and cope with life events
3. Social age=habits, beliefs and attitudes

Question 2

Middle adulthood-MSK system

Answer 2

-bone loss>bony formation
-osteoporosis
-arthritis
-decrease in lean body mass
-muscle force produce declines slightly
-decreased flexibility

Question 3

Middle adulthood-health risks

Answer 3

-hypertension
-CVD
-diabetes mellitus
-cancer

Question 4

Connectedness

Answer 4

-emotional support
-financial or housekeeping support
-informational support
-prevention and management of many diseases
-poor social connectedness>at risk of not engaging with preventative health services e.g. COVID-19 situations

Question 5

Empathy

Answer 5

The ability to share someone’s feelings or experiences by imagining what it would be like to be n that person’s situation

Question 6

Cultural safety

Answer 6

-healthcare provider’s knowledge, skills, attitudes and competencies when providing care to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
-recipients of care, their families and communities determine if care was culturally safe

Question 7

Ageing-health

Answer 7

-2020=more people over 60 than children under 5
-2050=80% of older people will be living in low and middle income countries
-pace of population ageing is faster than the past

Question 8

Ageism

Answer 8

How we think (stereotypes), feel (prejudice) and act (discrimination) towards others or ourselves based on age

Question 9

Ageism-determinants

Answer 9

1. Perpetuating
   -increased risk=younger, male, anxious about death and being less educated
   -reduced risk-=more intergenerational contact
2. Being a target
   -increased risk=older, care dependent, lower LE, being female and working in certain professions e.g. high tech or hospo

Question 10

Ageism-impacts

Answer 10

-shorter lifespan
-increased social isolation
-poorer physical and mental health
-increased risk of violence and abuse against older people

Question 11

Ageism- strategies to reduce it

Answer 11

-policy and law
-educational interventions
-intergeneration contact interventions

Question 12

Spirituality

Answer 12

-more individual
-sense of peace and purpose
-developing beliefs around meaning of life and connection with others
-dance of life model

Question 13

Religion

Answer 13

-usually a set of organised beliefs and practices
-usually shared by a community or group

Question 14

Royal commission aged care and safety

Answer 14

-prompted by reported cases of elder abuse e.g. restraining them, overdosing them etc
-focus on understanding how the aged care system currently works
-$104.3 million over four years
-upgrade aged care quality standards and record levels of funding support for senior Australians

Question 15

Motivational interviewing

Answer 15

-used to explore ambivalence about a behaviour e.g. physical activity
-uses open-ended questions, affirmations, reflections and summarisations to help an older person self-analyse their behaviour
-client-centred counselling
-types of communicating=directing, following and guiding

Question 16

Motivational interviewing-directing

Answer 16

-most common type seen in healthcare today
-practitioner tells patient what t do e.g. take meds

Question 17

Motivational interviewing-following

Answer 17

-clinician suspends own agenda and listens to older person’s agenda
-patient-centred approach>understand their perspective
-taking too long or too little time to agree with patient=shows resistance

Question 18

Motivational interviewing-guiding

Answer 18

-least utilised
-a guide does not choose the outcome but helps with the journey
-exploring options by clarifying goals

Question 19

Techniques for discussing motivation

Answer 19

-using open-ended questions
-affirming what the patient says
-providing reflections to link ideas
-summarizing

Question 20

Change talk

Answer 20

-develop discrepancy in the person’s mind
-consider change when they become uncomfortable with the status quo

Question 21

Strategies for motivational interviewing

Answer 21

-using rulers=out of 10 for importance or confidence
-periodically summarising
-clinician acts as a guide by actively listening
-reasons for change have been explored=clinician may be able to inform the patient with their permission

Question 22

OARS techniques

Answer 22

-open-ended questions
-affirmations
-reflections
-summarising

Question 23

DARN (asking questions)

Answer 23

-desire
-ability
-reasons
-need

Question 24

Changes during ageing-MSK

Answer 24

-sarcopenia

Question 25

Changes during ageing-nervous system

Answer 25

-reduced blood flow to the brain
-reduced brain neurons
-decreased reaction time

Question 26

Changes during ageing-body composition

Answer 26

-reduced lean body mass
-body fat redistributes from periphery to visceral organs

Question 27

Changes during ageing-cardiovascular system

Answer 27

-reduced stroke volume
-longer diastolic phase
-reduced maximal HR

Question 28

Changes during ageing-respiratory system

Answer 28

-lung tissue loses elasticity
-lower vital capacity
-increased residual volume

Question 29

Falls-risk factors

Answer 29

-fear of falling
-limited mobility and undertaking ADLs
-impaired gait and balance
-visual impairment
-reduced muscle strength
-poor reaction times
-use of multiple medications

Question 30

Falls-prevention

Answer 30

-physical activity=maintain balance, muscle strength and flexibility
-lighting=use lights when getting up at night and ensure house is adequately lit
-medications=know side effects
-safety in and around home e.g. non-slip mats, handrails
-nutrition
-feet and footwear e.g. non-slip grip
-continence
-fear of falling
-eyesight=checked regularly, glasses are clean and ensure you have different pairs for reading and every day
-take care=ask for help if having difficulty
-getting help=stay in daily contact with someone who can organise help if needed

Question 31

Falls-risk assessment

Answer 31

-FROP COM=falls risk of old people in the community measure>full falls risk assessment
-FROP COM screen=falls risk screening tool