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Physio across the lifespan > Weeks 4-6 > Flashcards

Weeks 4-6 Flashcards

1
Q

Nutrition

A

-healthy diet begins in adolescence>continues in adulthood
-impacts school, sleep, energy etc
-impacts on eating disorders
-decreases risk of chronic disorders e.g. T2D, hypertension, CVD
-high fat intake=BGLs sky rocket
-decrease BP and improve blood clotting

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2
Q

Common global nutrition problems

A

-undernutrition
-overweight and obesity
-micronutrient deficiency
-nutrition fr pregnant adolescents
-eating disorders
-obesity, eating disorders, depression, anxiety, coeliac disease, diabetes=managed in part by diet

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3
Q

Sleep

A

-8-9 hours a night for adolescents
-7 hours for healthy adults
-naps=20 mins
-REM (rapid eye movement)= mental function e.g. memory and concentration
-NREM (non-rapid eye movement)=four different stages including deep sleep> important for physiological growth and recovery
-poor sleep>poor attention and memory, mood disturbances, impaired judgement, poor physical conditions, hormone imbalances
-ongoing short sleep>earlier mortality
-puberty changes circadian rhythms>occurs later

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4
Q

Psychological distress

A

-focus on early prevention through parents, school-based programs and programs designed to build resilience
-ensure schools have wellbeing support and resources
-equip young people’s peers and parents with knowledge and resources to recognise mental health issues
-provide gender-sensitive mental health services
-fund community-led programs

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5
Q

Anxiety

A

-excessive and dysfunctional anxiety in the absence of true danger
-future oriented mood state
-blood redistributed to muscles=symptom of stress
-interventions=targeted group based interventions and CBT in school setting, community-based creative activities, internet based prevention and treatment programs for anxiety and depression

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6
Q

Australian Dietary Guidelines

A

-allows physios to identify when education and advice required outside of their professional scope of practice
-better nutrition=improve individual and public health and decreases healthcare costs

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7
Q

Neuropsychiatric disorders-treatment

A
  1. Eating
    -3 meals a day
    -avoid sweetened drinks
    -prefer veg fats over animal fats
    -avoid diet supplements
    -avoid over eating
  2. Physical activity
    -keep an active lifestyle (150 mins of mod-int aerobic exercise)
    -avoid physical activity close to meals or bedtime
  3. Sleep
    -7+ hours a night
    -sleep and wake at same time
    -avoid mobile phone and TV before bedtime
    -ensure sleep environment is relaxing
    -do not sleep excessively
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8
Q

Young adulthood changes

A
  1. Brain and NS=prefrontal cortex fully matures, self regulation, neurogenesis continues at a slower rate
  2. Sensory=sensory acuity at its peak
  3. Cognitive function=thinking becomes more personal and practical
  4. Physical changes=skeletal growth complete at roughly 25, muscular performance peak, BP rises slowly from 21 years, optimal period of reproduction is 20-30 years
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9
Q

Mental health description

A

-45.5% of Australians experience a mental disorder at some point in their life
-prevalence declines after 16-24>65+
1. Stress symptoms
-adrenaline pumps through body
-increased HR
-BP elevates
-Q increases
-sugars and fats are released into the bloodstream
-muscle tension
2. Stressor=any event, situation, circumstance or person who triggers the stress response
-anticipation and fear
-women=emotional response to stress
-men=purposeful response/aggression

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10
Q

Mindfulness

A

-bringing your attention back to present moment and where you currently are>reduce stress response
-training your brain to focus and use attention in a more discerning way
-perspectives of mindfulness=the pleasant misconceptions and mental projections can be just as problematic as unpleasant ones e.g. daydreaming

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11
Q

Yoga and meditation

A

-structured way of performing mindfulness
-associated with better attentional performance, cognitive flexibility, lower stress and better mood

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12
Q

Cognitive behavioural therapy- description

A

A collaborative and individualised program that helps individuals to identify unhelpful thoughts and behaviours and learn or relearn healthier skills and habits

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13
Q

Motivational interviewing

A

-evidence-based, client-centred therapy approach to carrying out discussions with clients aiming to achieve behaviour change
-developed in 1980s by Miller and Rollnick
-originally used to break addictive behaviours
-gather info, guide, find goals and affect meaningful change
-collaborative approach guided by the patient by listening, using own expertise, identifying goals, closed questions and preconceived goals

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14
Q

Motivational interviewing- 4 processes

A
  1. Engaging
    -build relationship with client
    -connection and empathy have a significant influence on patient outcomes
  2. Focusing
    -a shared idea about the main goal
    -listening and guiding are helpful tools for identifying goals
  3. Evoking
    -bringing out the client’s own arguments for change
    -hopes, values and goals for future
    -therapist is not a fixer
  4. Planning
    -how the change will look and how it may be brought about
    -encouraging autonomy as the patient has the resources and capacity to create change
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15
Q

Principles of behaviour change

A
  • a person’s health is influenced by their behaviours and change can be created by promoting or reducing behaviours
    -risk factors e.g. smoking can cause endocrine, cardiovascular etc diseases
    -physio=the effect of the intervention if greater and longer when combined with behaviour change approaches
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16
Q

Behaviour change techniques

A
  1. Prompts/cues
  2. Information about health consequences
  3. Incentives
  4. Goal setting
  5. Action planning
  6. Social support/encouragement
17
Q

Models of behaviour change

A
  1. Social cognitive theory
  2. Self-regulation theory
  3. Health belief model
  4. Theory of planned behaviour
  5. Relapse prevention model
18
Q

Social cognitive theory

A

-both predicts and explains behaviour change
-personal factors (beliefs, needs), exisiting behaviours and the social and physical environment interact and influence each other
-behaviour change and maintenance depends on the expectation of the outcome of the behaviour change and person’s ability to do behaviours
-learning occurs in a social context with a dynamic and reciprocal interaction of the person, environment and behaviour
-Bandura 1977

19
Q

Self-regulation theory

A

-Schunk and Zimmerman 2007
-individual’s self-generated thoughts, feelings and actions that are systematically designed to affect one’s learning via feedback to the person’s system
-self-regulation=what makes self control possible

20
Q

Health belief model

A

-understand failure of people to accept disease preventatives or screening tests for the early detection of disease
-perceived susceptibility=opinion of your chance of getting condition
-perceived severity=opinion on how serious condition would be
-perceived benefits=opinion on how effective the advised action would be
-perceived barriers=opinion of costs of advised actions

21
Q

Self-efficacy

A
  1. Performance accomplishments=learning through personal experience, achieving mastery
  2. Vicarious experience=learning through observation of others or events
  3. Verbal persuasion=perseverance in efforts to change behaviour
  4. Psychological state=high physiological arousal usually impairs performance e.g. muscle tension, increased Hr and RR
22
Q

Theory of planned behaviour

A

-prediction of behavioural intentions
-an individual’s attitude about the likelihood and desirability of the outcomes of behaviour
-the subjective norm towards the behaviour which depends on how others view the behaviour and how motivated the individual is by this perception
-constructs=attitude towards act or behaviour, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control (must be favourable for action to occur)

23
Q

Transtheoretical model

A

-identifies the leading theories of psychotherapy and behaviour change
-behaviour change=six-stage process and meeting an individual at their stage of the change process creates better engagement and focus to evoke and plan for behaviour change
1. Precontemplation=people are not considering a health behaviour change
2. Contemplation=people are intending to change and need motivation to do so
3. Preparation=people are intending to take action in the immediate future and need skills to do so
4. Action=people are making a specific health behaviour change and can be supported by intervention strategies and guidelines
5. Maintenance=a new behaviour change becomes more habitual and requires less ongoing effort
-relapse is most likely to occur here to action
6. The new norm=behaviour change is permanently ingrained

24
Q

Ten processes of change

A
  1. Consciousness raising=increasing awareness about the healthy behaviour e.g. media campaigns
  2. Dramatic relief=emotional arousal about the health behaviour, moving people emotionally whether positively or negatively e.g. hearing others personal testimonies
  3. Self re-evaluation=self reappraisal to realise the healthy behaviour is part of who they want to be e.g. couch potato vs active
  4. Environmental re-evaluation=social reappraisal to realise how their unhealthy behaviours affect others
  5. Self-liberation=belief that one can change and the commitment and recommitment to behaviour change>multiple choices of treatments can enhance self-liberation
  6. Social liberation= environmental opportunities that exist to show society is supportive of the healthy behaviour
  7. Counter-conditioning=substituting healthy behaviours and thoughts for unhealthy behaviours and thoughts
  8. Contingency management=rewarding the positive behaviour and reducing the rewards that come from negative behaviour, reward over punishment, positive self-statements and group recognition
  9. Stimulus control=re-orienting the environment to have reminders and cues that support and encourage the healthy behaviour and remove those that encourage the unhealthy behaviour
  10. Helping relationships= finding relationships that encourage the desired change-care, trust, openness, acceptance and support via family, community and therapeutically
25
Q

Three other constructs in TTM

A
  1. Decisional balance=individual’s perceived pros and cons of changing
  2. Self-efficacy=confidence that a person has that they can cope with high-risk situations without relapsing to their unhealthy behaviour or habit
  3. Temptation=intensity of urges to engage in unhealthy behaviour in a high-risk situation:negative distress, positive social setting, craving
26
Q

Cognitive behavioural techniques

A

-management of chronic conditions=address unhelpful thoughts or behaviours that prevent a patient from adopting a healthy lifestyle by trying t change thoughts/behaviours to more adaptive behaviours
-been applied to mental health conditions, addictions, eating disorders and insomnia
-superior to education, exercise and manual techniques alone when the therapist has training in CBT

27
Q

Acceptance and commitment therapy

A

-accept what is out of an individual’s personal control and commit to action that improves a person’s quality of life, health outcomes and other goals to enrich their lives
-draws on mindfulness and coaching skills to manage thought and feeling effectively and clarify what is important and meaningful to a person
-ACT and physical interventions=pain rehab and manage chronic lower back pain

28
Q

Relapse prevention model

A

-cognitive-behavioural model to help people who are trying to change their health behaviours, especially addictive behaviours, anticipate and cope with relapse
-1980s
-influence model in practice
-facilitates discharge from care as it provides an individual with a clear plan for dealing with situations that place the individual at a high risk of relapse (transitional process)

Physio across the lifespan (4 decks)

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