weeks 6.1 and 6.2

Question 1

what does TOT tell us? (2)

Answer 1

two-stage lexicalization process; information about the word can be partially accessible

Question 2

two-stage lexicalization process

Answer 2

syntax/semantics first, phonology second

Question 3

what does TOT preserve?

Answer 3

syntactic/semantic information

Question 4

two competing theories regarding TOT (and brief definitions)

Answer 4

partial activation hypothesis: only a few notes (phonemes) are activated for lexeme
blocking hypothesis: activation of target “blocked” by another competitor

Question 5

partial activation hypothesis (TOT)

Answer 5

weak connection from the conceptual node to lemma and lexeme level of the intended word (possibly due to word frequency)

Question 6

frequency effect

Answer 6

tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is more likely to occur when the target is low-frequency (of occurrences); experienced often by bilinguals, especially when words are cognates (same linguistic derivation)

Question 7

blocking hypothesis (TOT)

Answer 7

target word is suppressed by another strong competitor; tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) arises due to competition; consider activation in dense vs. sparse phonological neighborhood

Question 8

phonological neighbors (TOT)

Answer 8

words differ in one phoneme by deletion, addition, or substitution (i.e., minimal pairs)

Question 9

possible-word constraint

Answer 9

difficulty in finding where one word ends and another begins (i.e., “tuna fish” vs. “tune a fish”)

Question 10

co-articulation effect

Answer 10

prepare the articulation of sound B while producing sound A

Question 11

cue weighting

Answer 11

deciding which cues are relevant and how important they are relative to one another (i.e., burst duration > preceding vowel duration)

Question 12

sound splicing

Answer 12

create a nonword from two different “base” forms