weeks 13.1 to 14.1

Question 1

whole-object bias

Answer 1

children’s bias to associate the label with the whole object instead of its features

Question 2

child-directed speech (CDS)

Answer 2

adults alter their speech when talking to young children

Question 3

early stage syntactic development

Answer 3

simple utterances; telegraphic speech (one-word, two-word)

Question 4

how does telegraphic speech emerge? (4)

Answer 4

efficiency for communication, usually still comprehensible, tolerance of errors by native listeners, feedback from adults usually not helpful

Question 5

semantic assimilation vs. syntactic bootstrapping vs. rule-based learning

Answer 5

semantic assimilation: figure out syntactic structures from semantic relations among words in a sentence
syntactic bootstrapping: use syntactic knowledge to figure out the meaning of words
rule-based learning: generalization of acquired rules to new stimuli

Question 6

potential challenges in L2 acquisition (4)

Answer 6

different sound systems, different sentence structures, different morphology, different writing system

Question 7

implicit vs explicit L2 learning

Answer 7

implicit: if L2 is acquired merely by exposure
explicit: if L2 is acquired through explicit instructions

Question 8

articulatory perspective (L2 acquisition)

Answer 8

the parameters of articulators (tongues, lips, muscles, vocal folds, etc.) or action-sequences are not yet “programmed” for non-native sounds

Question 9

perceptual assimilation model (4)

Answer 9

(1) perceive the L2 contrast (two L2 sounds) as two different L1 sounds (two-category assimilation)
(2) perceive the L2 contrast as the same L1 sound (single-category assimilation)
(3) perceive the L2 contrast as the same L1 sound, but one being more similar than the other (category goodness)
(4) perceive an L2 sound as a non-speech sound (non-assimilable)

Question 10

“linguistic instinct”

Answer 10

encoding of the language-specific sequential patterns in the implicit memory

Question 11

levels of L2 proficiency (3)

Answer 11

(1) 100% native-like: use the language without thinking about how to say/write it; almost 100% implicit
(2) moderate proficiency: use the language mostly without thinking about the rules; may still need to pause and think about the grammar occasionally; transitioning from explicit to implicit encoding stage
(3) beginner: need to think about the grammar rules whenever using the language; explicit encoding stage