Weeks 5 & 6 - Middle childhood & adolescence

Question 1

Your younger brother’s best friend is a huge risk-taker. Even though he is 15 years old, he has already exhibited some very dangerous behaviours. One of his favourite activities is to run across a highway in the early evening when there is quite a bit of traffic. What concept helps explain this risky behaviour?

a. Egocentrism
b. The imaginary audience
c. The personal fable
d. The adolescent growth spurt

Answer 1

c. The personal fable

Question 2

Alfredo is a high school student whose circle of friends includes about six other people. They all know each other well and spend most of their time together, from sharing lunch in the cafeteria every day to hanging out on the basketball courts after school and on weekends. What type of group is this?

a. Clique
b. Crowd
c. Gang
d. Family

Answer 2

a. Clique

Question 3

What have researchers discovered with regard to the size of the discrepancy between the actual and ideal selves in both adolescents and emerging adults? The size of the discrepancy is related to ____.

a. strong ego values
b. heightened ambition and determination
c. low ambition and determination
d. depressed moods

Answer 3

d. depressed moods

Question 4

Which of the following research methods involves having people carry wristwatch beepers and then beeping them randomly during the day so that they can record their thoughts, feelings and behaviour?

a. Longitudinal Study
b. Quasi-experiment
c. Experience Sampling Method
d. Naturalistic observation

Answer 4

c. Experience Sampling Method

Question 5

____ is the ability to move quickly and precisely, whereas ____ is the response to changing information.

a. Agility; reaction time
b. Reaction time; agility
c. Coordination; strength
d. Strength; coordination

Answer 5

a. Agility; reaction time

Question 6

During this stage, Piaget proposes, children become capable of using mental operations, which allow them to organise and manipulate information mentally instead of relying on physical and sensory associations.

a. Sensorimotor
b. Preoperations
c. Concrete operations
d. Formal operations

Answer 6

c. Concrete operations

Question 7

Which of the following are the two largest criticisms of Piaget’s theory of formal operations?

a. There are individual differences and cultural variations.

b. There are neurological differences and social stratification.

c. There are developmental sequencing and continued neurological migration.

d. There are immeasurable and invalid variables.

Answer 7

a. There are individual differences and cultural variations.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes Kohlberg’s pre-conventional level of moral reasoning?

a. Moral reasoning is based on the individual’s own independent judgments rather than on what others view as wrong or right.

b. What is right is whatever agrees with the rules established by tradition and by authorities.

c. Rules should be obeyed to avoid punishment from those in authority.

d. Moral reasoning is based on perceptions of the likelihood of external rewards and punishments.

Answer 8

d. Moral reasoning is based on perceptions of the likelihood of external rewards and punishments.

Question 9

During adolescence, neurological overproduction or exuberance occurs throughout the brain; however, it is especially pronounced in the ____.

a. frontal lobes
b. occipital lobe
c. primary motor cortex
d. hypothalamus

Answer 9

a. frontal lobes

Question 10

What type of delinquent individuals show no signs of problems in infancy or childhood, and few of them engage in any criminal activity after their mid-20s?

a. Adolescence-limited delinquents
b. Life-course-persistent delinquents
c. Lifetime-chronic delinquents
d. Acute delinquents

Answer 10

a. Adolescence-limited delinquents

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the classification of experimental substance use?

a. Trying a substance once or perhaps a few times out of curiosity and then not using it again

b. The use of a substance during social activities with one or more friends

c. Using a substance to relieve an unpleasant emotional state such as sadness, anxiety, stress or loneliness

d. When a person has become dependent on regular use of the substance to feel good physically or psychologically

Answer 11

a. Trying a substance once or perhaps a few times out of curiosity and then not using it again

Question 12

Your high-school-aged sister is one of the school’s best sprinters and she’s also a starting forward on two different soccer teams. During free periods, she spends time in the weight room with her teammates and coaches. Your family and other students at her school consider her a jock. What type of group does being a jock signify that she’s a member of?

a. Clique
b. Crowd
c. Friends
d. Family

Answer 12

b. Crowd

Question 13

The ____ self is your self-conception, and ____ selves are the different people you could become in the future depending on your choices and experiences.

a. ideal; feared
b. feared; ideal
c. possible; actual
d. actual; possible

Answer 13

d. actual; possible

Question 14

Your neighbour is concerned that her teenage daughter has an eating disorder. You are not so sure, since her daughter is of normal weight. If her daughter does have an eating disorder, what is the most likely possibility?

a. Bulimia nervosa
b. Anorexia nervosa
c. Over-exercise
d. Pica

Answer 14

a. Bulimia nervosa

Question 15

Based on children’s ratings of who they like or dislike among their peers, researchers have described four categories of social status: ____.

a. socially isolated, hostile, preppy and smart children
b. sub-average, average, above average and three-deviations-from-the-mean children
c. popular, rejected, neglected and controversial children
d. social, accepted, rejected and unpopular

Answer 15

c. popular, rejected, neglected and controversial children

Question 16

Ellie is an eight-year-old girl who lives in a Western country in a large metropolitan area. If one were to compare Ellie to her mother, grandmother and great-grandmother in regards to the onset of puberty, one would predict that Ellie will experience puberty ____ others did in her family lineage.

a. younger than
b. older than
c. similar to when

Answer 16

a. younger than

Question 17

Ramon engages in discrete periods of binge eating and he feels as if he cannot control himself. After each binge episode, his guilt is extremely high and he feels compelled to exercise relentlessly. Typically, after a binge episode, he will spend 2 hours at the gym and another hour running. Knowing diagnostic criteria, one can assume that Ramon might manifest ____.

a. a feeding disorder of infancy or early childhood
b. pica
c. bulimia nervosa
d. anorexia nervosa

Answer 17

c. bulimia nervosa

Question 18

The Growing Up in Australia study found that ______ of children had experienced name calling, social exclusion and/or physical aggression at least once in the past year.

a. 15%
b. 37%
c. 59%
d. 66%

Answer 18

c. 59%

Question 19

According to David Elkind, adolescents believe that their personal experiences and personal destinies are historically new and unique. What did Elkind call this phenomenon?

a. Egocentrism
b. The imaginary audience
c. The personal fable
d. The adolescent growth spurt

Answer 19

c. The personal fable

Question 20

Your sister is frustrated that she is arguing with her 15-year-old daughter quite a bit about what feels like everything. Your sister feels that her relationship with her daughter is deteriorating and abnormal. Based on your knowledge of development, what advice do you give your sister?

a. Do not worry, conflict with adolescent sons is even worse.

b. Do not worry, conflict between mothers and daughters is typical during this time.

c. She should worry, adolescents usually show greater emotional stability and stronger ties to family than those in middle childhood

d. She should worry, it sounds like her daughter has borderline personality disorder

Answer 20

b. Do not worry, conflict between mothers and daughters is typical during this time.

Question 21

Carlos can be best described as a resilient adolescent. Against all odds, he has graduated from high school and is enrolled in university. He comes from a lower socio-economic status and a harsh neighbourhood, and he is the first in his family to graduate from high school and attend university. Which of the following are three protective factors we can assume Carlos possesses?

a. High intelligence, warm but controlling parents and a social network of caring adults
b. High religious involvement, an easy going temperament and an avoidant attachment
c. High sociability, high emotional quotient and average intelligence
d. High parental control, a difficult temperament and high intelligence

Answer 21

a. High intelligence, warm but controlling parents and a social network of caring adults

Question 22

In every Western country for which records exist, there has been a downward trend in the age of menarche. This trend is known as the ____.

a. secular trend
b. lowering trend
c. early onset trend
d. sooner trend

Answer 22

a. secular trend

Question 23

____ is how persons view themselves in relation to others with regard to status, abilities or achievements.

a. Animism
b. Assimilation
c. Social comparison
d. Self-concept

Answer 23

c. Social comparison

Question 24

Your sister-in-law is surprised at her 9-year-old son. She can remember when her son was not able to sit and listen to a story for very long and now he is able to listen intently and remember the story in very good detail. What two advances occur during middle childhood in information processing abilities that assist with his newly developed abilities?

a. Visual scanning and search routines
b. Attention and memory
c. Motivation and diligence
d. Decentering and critical processing

Answer 24

b. Attention and memory

Question 25

With respect to pubertal development, the most important oestrogen is _________ and the most important androgen is _______.

a. dopamine; serotonin
b. oestradiol; testosterone
c. cortisol; relaxin
d. thalamus; hypothalamus

Answer 25

b. oestradiol; testosterone

Question 26

What Piagetian stage involves the development of hypothetical-deductive reasoning?

a. Pre-operations
b. Concrete operations
c. Formal operations
d. Advanced hypothesis testing

Answer 26

c. Formal operations

Question 27

____ attention is the ability to focus on relevant information while screening out information that is irrelevant.

a. Selective
b. Divided
c. Inattentive
d. Lateralised

Answer 27

a. Selective

Question 28

Which of the following best describes the overall conclusion of research that used the Experience Sampling Method to measure the emotional state of adolescence in the United States?

a. Adolescence is often a time of emotional volatility
b. Adolescence is often a time of emotional stability
c. Adolescence is often a time of intellectual stagnation
d. Adolescence is often a time of intellectual volatility

Answer 28

a. Adolescence is often a time of emotional volatility

Question 29

Which of the following best describes Kohlberg’s post-conventional level of moral reasoning?

a. Moral reasoning is based on the individual’s own independent judgments rather than on what others view as wrong or right.
b. What is right is whatever agrees with the rules established by tradition and by authorities.
c. Rules should be obeyed to avoid punishment from those in authority.
d. Moral reasoning is based on perceptions of the likelihood of external rewards and punishments.

Answer 29

a. Moral reasoning is based on the individual’s own independent judgments rather than on what others view as wrong or right.

Question 30

In part, why do children in middle childhood improve their emotional self-regulation?

a. Neurologically they are more mature.
b. They are severely punished if they act emotionally immature.
c. Their environment requires it.
d. Their hormone levels are completely stable at this time in development.

Answer 30

c. Their environment requires it.

Question 31

Which of the following pairs has the highest concordance rate for myopia?

a. Monozygotic twins in a developed nation
b. Monozygotic twins in a developing nation
c. Dizygotic twins in a developed nation
d. Dizygotic twins in a developing nation

Answer 31

a. Monozygotic twins in a developed nation

Question 32

Beyond the development of mnemonic devices and a greater capacity for selective attention, adolescents’ long-term memory is also enhanced by ____.

a. a greater amount of experience and knowledge of the world
b. a greater amount of testosterone, which has been shown to enhance memory
c. their ability to think concretely and egocentrically about the world
d. their ability to question their parents and the world around them

Answer 32

a. a greater amount of experience and knowledge of the world

Question 33

Which of the following best describes an imaginary audience?

a. Difficulty distinguishing one’s thinking about one’s own thoughts from one’s thinking about the thoughts of others
b. An exaggerated image of a highly attentive audience for the adolescent’s appearance and his or her behaviour
c. Holding the belief that one’s personal experiences and personal destiny are unique
d. Organising information into coherent patterns

Answer 33

b. An exaggerated image of a highly attentive audience for the adolescent’s appearance and his or her behaviour

Question 34

Which of the following are the two keys to cognition in the information-processing approach?

a. Attention and memory
b. Mneumonic strategies and synaptic pruning
c. Parietal and occipital lobes
d. Visual images and the management of cognitive load

Answer 34

a. Attention and memory

Question 35

You and your father are having an argument regarding ethics. You are arguing that as long as people do no harm to anyone else, their behaviour is ethical. Your father argues that people have responsibilities in the family, community and other groups that have to be considered and evaluated before a behaviour is considered ethical. Jensen would argue that your father is using what worldview to determine ethical behaviour?

a. The ethic of autonomy
b. The ethic of community
c. The ethic of individualism
d. The ethic of divinity

Answer 35

b. The ethic of community

Question 36

A(n) _____ is holding the belief of one’s uniqueness of personal experiences and personal destiny, whereas a(n) ____ is an exaggerated image of a highly attentive audience for the adolescent’s appearance and his or her behaviour.

a. personal fable; imaginary audience
b. imaginary audience; personal fable
c. metacognition; egocentrism
d. egocentrism; metacognition

Answer 36

a. personal fable; imaginary audience

Question 37

At age 14, Donette is extremely self-conscious. She believes that she is the focus of everyone else’s attention and concern. Donette is experiencing a cognitive distortion known as __________.

a. metacognition
b. personal uniqueness
c. the imaginary audience
d. the personal fable

Answer 37

c. the imaginary audience

Question 38

As school-age children move into adolescence, self-concept is increasingly vested in feedback from __________.

a. close friends
b. people within the family
c. teachers
d. younger children

Answer 38

a. close friends

Question 39

Which of the following statements is an accurate portrayal of a 10-year-old social comparison?
a. Johnny pushed me and then took my toy truck
b. I’m a fast runner and I like soccer
c. I’m really good at math
d. I’m good at spelling, but there are three kids in my class who are better than me

Answer 39

d. I’m good at spelling, but there are three kids in my class who are better than me

Question 40

During middle childhood _________________.
a) girls are usually taller and heavier than boys
b) girls and boys are more likely to be slim than at any other time
c) the incidence of myopia decreases
d) ear infections are more likely than they were earlier in the lifespan because of more exposure to germs during the school years

Answer 40

b) girls and boys are more likely to be slim than at any other time

Question 41

During middle childhood, ______________.
a) bodies are pudgier than they were in toddlerhood with a higher body mass index
b) children run longer and faster because of expanded lung capacity
c) the proportion of body fat is identical for girls and boys
d) growth continues at the same rate as in infancy

Answer 41

b) children run longer and faster because of expanded lung capacity

Question 42

During middle childhood, there is an increase in myelination of the ______________ that accelerates the reaction time for both boys and girls.
a) Broca’s area
b) Wernicke’s are
c) corpus callosum
d) pituitary gland

Answer 42

c) corpus callosum

Question 43

For 6-year-old emmanuel, which of the following fine motor tasks is developmentally appropriate?
a) Writing complete sentences and spelling multi-syllable words, such as ‘hippopotamus’
b) Running a 4-minute mile, jumping over hurdles and dribbling a basketball
c) Writing the letters of the alphabet, writing his name and writing numbers from 1 to 10
d) Writing in cursive

Answer 43

c) Writing the letters of the alphabet, writing his name and writing numbers from 1 to 10

Question 44

By the time Shawna has reached the end of middle childhood, what abilities are close to adult maturity?
a) Fine motor abilities
b) Gross motor abilities
c) Eye-hand coordination
d) Psychomotor skills

Answer 44

a) Fine motor abilities

Question 45

What is the current understanding of how genetics influences obesity?
a) genetics is a good explanation for recent rises in obesity rates during childhood; however, it does little to explain the rates of obesity for adulthood.
b) genetics only explains obesity with regard to females.
c) Obesity is more likely to be caused by genetics than the environment.
d) genetics cannot explain recent rises in obesity rates; rather, it provides only a risk for overweight and obesity.

Answer 45

d) genetics cannot explain recent rises in obesity rates; rather, it provides only a risk for overweight and obesity.

Question 46

Rates of childhood obesity ______________.
a) vary among ethnic groups in New Zealand
b) are lower in New Zealand compared to Asia
c) have stayed relatively stable in the past decade
d) are highest among New Zealand children from economically advantaged backgrounds who have access to more foods

Answer 46

a) vary among ethnic groups in New Zealand

Question 47

Your neighbours eat out quite a bit, and most of it is fast food. Their 8-year-old daughter is obese with a BMI of 24. Which of the following statements is most accurate?
a) They should not be concerned because most children outgrow their obesity.
b) As long as they emphasise that ‘beauty is from within’, they should not be concerned about emotional problems.
c) They should be concerned because she is at heightened risk for kidney failure and blindness.
d) They should be concerned because of an increased chance of AdHd correlated with the stress of being obese.

Answer 47

c) They should be concerned because she is at heightened risk for kidney failure and blindness.

Question 48

in developed countries, ______________.
a) lead poisoning continues to be one of the top causes of death during middle childhood
b) middle childhood is the least safe time of life because of an increased need for independence at this period in development
c) even children who do not receive vaccinations are less susceptible to fatal diseases in middle childhood than they were earlier in their development
d) rates of minor illnesses have increased during recent decades, even though rates of more serious illnesses have declined

Answer 48

c) even children who do not receive vaccinations are less susceptible to fatal diseases in middle childhood than they were earlier in their development

Question 49

Which of the following is a risk factor for asthma?
a) Being male
b) living in a colder climate
c) Having European ancestry
d) Being underweight

Answer 49

a) Being male

Question 50

Maurice is 8 years old and is shown two round balls of clay that are equal in size. He watches as the experimenter rolls one ball into a long sausage shape. When asked, ‘Which has more clay?’, he will likely reply: ______________.
a) ‘The ball.’
b) ‘The long one that looks like a sausage.’
c) ‘i’m not sure; i’ll need to weigh them.’
d) ‘They’re both the same.’

Answer 50

d) ‘They’re both the same.’

Question 51

Marina is 9 years old and is capable of concrete operational thought. Like most other children her age, she should ______________.
a) fail the three mountain task, but pass the abstract thinking task
b) still have great difficulty with seriation tasks, such as arranging items from shortest to longest
c) be able to organise and manipulate information mentally
d) think in terms of hypotheticals

Answer 51

c) be able to organise and manipulate information mentally

Question 52

Research on ADHD has found that ______________.
a) similar treatments are utilised across the various countries that have been studied
b) less than half of children diagnosed with this disorder in the United States receive medication
c) rates among boys are higher than among girls
d) two of the most common side effects of medication are weight gain and stuttering

Answer 52

c) rates among boys are higher than among girls

Question 53

Selective attention ______________.
a) refers to the placement of things into meaningful categories
b) refers to thinking about thinking
c) refers to focusing on the relevant stimuli, while ignoring what is irrelevant
d) is a common measure of intelligence

Answer 53

c) refers to focusing on the relevant stimuli, while ignoring what is irrelevant

Question 54

Both Gardner’s and Sternberg’s theories of intelligence propose ______________.
a) that there are multiple components of intelligence
b) that there are three different types of intelligence
c) that creativity is genetically determined
d) an iQ score that allows comparisons among individuals

Answer 54

a) that there are multiple components of intelligence

Question 55

Which statement best describes the history of education in New Zealand?
a) during the late 19th century, children went to school mostly during the spring and summer because it was too expensive to heat the schoolhouse at other times of the year.
b) Enrolment in school decreased throughout much of the 19th century.
c) in the late 19th century, classrooms were segregated by gender and age.
d) Prior to 1877, school was not compulsory or free.

Answer 55

d) Prior to 1877, school was not compulsory or free.

Question 56

Which of the following is one of several features of Asian schools that reflect collectivistic cultural beliefs?
a) Children are required to help maintain the cleanliness and order of the school.
b) Children are required to go to school on fewer days than children in Western cultures.
c) Rather than wearing a school uniform, parents decide how their children will dress.
d) Children often work alone so that they can master difficult skills as quickly as possible.

Answer 56

a) Children are required to help maintain the cleanliness and order of the school.

Question 57

Aboriginal and M ̄aori students reported that from their perspective, this one thing would contribute to improved academic achievement.
a) more parent involvement
b) After-school tutoring
c) more discipline
d) Closer and more authentic relationships with teachers.

Answer 57

d) Closer and more authentic relationships with teachers.

Question 58

Research on reading and maths skills has shown that ______________.
a) children who have trouble learning to read often have trouble mastering early maths skills as well
b) in the past two decades, girls are more likely to be diagnosed with dyslexia than boys are
c) only humans have any awareness of numeracy
d) all approaches to reading are equally effective when children are first learning to read

Answer 58

a) children who have trouble learning to read often have trouble mastering early maths skills as well

Question 59

When first learning to read, Kara was taught using the phonics approach and Yolanda was taught with the whole-language approach. Which of the following outcomes is most likely, based on existing research?
a) Kara will learn to read faster than Yolanda.
b) Yolanda will learn to read faster than Kara.
c) Both of them will learn to read equally well.
d) Kara is more at risk of developing dyslexia because
of the confusion between the sound and appearance of letters linked to the phonics approach.

Answer 59

a) Kara will learn to read faster than Yolanda.

Question 60

During middle childhood, ______________.
a) children are less content than in adolescence mostly because they do not have the social skills required to manage peer conflict
b) it is harder for children to hide their emotions than in early childhood because they become so much more intense at this period of their development
c) children are aware that they can experience two contradictory emotions at once
d) the ability to self-regulate decreases from early childhood, mostly because of the many different contexts they experience

Answer 60

c) children are aware that they can experience two contradictory emotions at once

Question 61

Dr Marinello is using the experience Sampling Method (eSM) method for her research. She is most likely measuring ______________.
a) emotions
b) self-esteem
c) self-concept
d) metacognitive awareness

Answer 61

a) emotions

Question 62

Nine-year-old Xinyin is a boy from China, a collectivistic culture. He would be more likely than his counterpart in Australia to answer the fill-in-the-blank question, ‘I am ______________’, with the following:
a) one of the smartest kids in my class
b) a boy with brown hair
c) a son
d) good at soccer and tennis

Answer 62

c) a son

Question 63

When compared to her 6-year-old sister, isabelle, who is in Year 8, is more likely to describe herself in terms of ______________ characteristics.
a) physical
b) concrete
c) psychological
d) external

Answer 63

c) psychological

Question 64

During middle childhood, ______________.
a) both boys and girls come to see occupations they associate with men as having higher status than occupations they associate with women
b) gender segregation is unique to playgroups in New Zealand
c) boys feel less competent than their female counterparts in maths and science, even when they have equal abilities in these areas based on their grades
d) playgroups in traditional cultures become less gender-segregated than they were in early childhood

Answer 64

a) both boys and girls come to see occupations they associate with men as having higher status than occupations they associate with women

Question 65

Which of the following best illustrates co-regulation?
a) A child makes her bed without being asked because she knows that her parents expect the house to stay clean.
b) Siblings both run to their mother to tell her what the other did to get that child in trouble.
c) A parent tells her child how disappointed she is in her behaviour.
d) A child speaks for her younger, non-verbal sibling.

Answer 65

a) A child makes her bed without being asked because she knows that her parents expect the house to stay clean.

Question 66

Which of the following statements about families is TRUE?
a) most children of gay and lesbian couples are heterosexual.
b) in an effort to escape poverty, children of single- parent families have higher achievement at school than their counterparts from two-parent families.
c) less than half of New zealand children live with two parents.
d) Compared to other countries, rates of single motherhood are lowest in Northern Europe.

Answer 66

a) most children of gay and lesbian couples are heterosexual.

Question 67

in middle childhood, ______________ becomes the main reason for children ending friendships.
a) having less leisure time as a result of more homework
b) different religious backgrounds
c) violating trust
d) increased competitiveness

Answer 67

c) violating trust

Question 68

Around the world, child labour _____________________.
a) is most likely to involve working in service industries, such as cleaning
b) is highest in Germany and Spain
c) has been declining as a result of greater attention to the problem of exploitation
d) is no longer a problem as a result of an increase in the number of years children are required to go to school

Answer 68

c) has been declining as a result of greater attention to the problem of exploitation

Question 69

Marin, an 8-year-old boy, watches a lot of violent programs on television in his room and his parents are usually not around to monitor the content or enforce time limits on his viewing. Which of the following is most accurate based on research?
a) He is more likely to be aggressive in adulthood.
b) He is no more likely to be aggressive in adulthood than his counterparts who watch either little or no
violence.
c) He is less likely to be aggressive in adulthood than his counterparts who watch either little or no violence because he was able to work out his frustrations vicariously through watching others.
d) No longitudinal research has examined this question.

Answer 69

a) He is more likely to be aggressive in adulthood.

Question 70

Which best describes sensory changes during middle childhood?
a) Hearing problems increase due to higher rates of ear infections.
b) The incidence of myopia increases.
c) Vision and hearing both improve dramatically.
d) Rates of farsightedness increase, while myopia
decreases.

Answer 70

b) The incidence of myopia increases.

Question 71

Rates of overweight and obesity ______________.
a) are rising worldwide
b) are lowest among Pacific islanders compared to all other ethnic groups in New Zealand
c) vary little between ethnic groups in the same country
d) are lowest in the most affluent regions of the world such as North America and europe

Answer 71

a) are rising worldwide

Question 72

In developed countries, ______________.
a) rates of lead poisoning in children have fallen over the past several decades
b) middle childhood is one of the least safe and healthy times of life because of children’s increased need for independence
c) the most common cause of injury is poisoning
d) asthma rates are at their lowest point in decades

Answer 72

a) rates of lead poisoning in children have fallen over the past several decades

Question 73

In middle childhood, ______________.
a) girls are more likely than their male counterparts to be on a sport team because they are more collaborative
b) children are more likely to be involved in organised sport than they were when they were younger
c) children are less coordinated than they were in
early childhood because they are going through an
awkward phase
d) children have a slower reaction time than they did
early in childhood because they are less impulsive

Answer 73

b) children are more likely to be involved in organised sport than they were when they were younger

Question 74

By the end of middle childhood, ______________.
a) fine motor development has nearly reached adult maturity
b) children’s drawings look about the same as they did in early childhood in terms of level of detail
c) improvements in fine motor skills are seen primarily among children who were educated in a formal school setting
d) most children are just beginning to learn to tie their shoelaces

Answer 74

a) fine motor development has nearly reached adult maturity

Question 75

When capable of concrete operational thought, children ______________.
a) still have great difficulty with seriation tasks, such as arranging items from shortest to longest
b) can organise and manipulate information mentally
c) can reason about abstractions
d) are likely to be misled by appearances

Answer 75

b) can organise and manipulate information mentally

Question 76

In Australia, about ______________ of children between ages 4 and 10 are diagnosed with ADHD.
a) 1%
b) 4%
c) 7%
d) 15%

Answer 76

c) 7%

Question 77

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V) ______________.
a) is the most widely used intelligence test for children
b) has been criticised for focusing too much on creativity and not enough on core skills of reading and writing
c) has both maths and performance subtests
d) has only been predictive of the future outcomes of gifted children

Answer 77

a) is the most widely used intelligence test for children

Question 78

Research on reading and maths skills has ____________________.
a) only been conducted in the United States and Canada
b) shown that girls are more likely than boys to be diagnosed with dyslexia
c) shown that the whole-language approach is more effective than the phonics approach for children who are first learning to read
d) found that even some non-human animals have a primitive awareness of numeracy

Answer 78

d) found that even some non-human animals have a primitive awareness of numeracy

Question 79

Compared to younger children, those in middle childhood ______________.
a) use less complex grammar, but longer sentences
b) are more serious and therefore have more difficulty understanding the punch lines in jokes
c) are more likely to realise that what people say is not always what they mean
d) are less likely to use conditional sentences (e.g. If you do this, I will do that …) because they know that it may be interpreted negatively

Answer 79

c) are more likely to realise that what people say is not always what they mean

Question 80

Compared to single-language children, those who are bilingual ______________.
a) are behind in metalinguistic skills
b) have better metalinguistic skills
c) are worse at detecting mistakes in grammar
d) score lower on general measures of cognitive ability

Answer 80

b) have better metalinguistic skills

Question 81

Asian schoolchildren ______________.
a) work in groups and help teach one another difficult concepts
b) spend more time studying art and music
c) have a shorter school year
d) are not involved in the maintenance of their schools

Answer 81

a) work in groups and help teach one another difficult concepts

Question 82

During middle childhood, ______________.
a) children learn how to conceal their emotions and show socially acceptable emotions
b) children tend to be less happy than they were in early childhood because they engage in more social comparison
c) children experience less emotional stability than they did at early stages in development because they are changing social contexts more often
d) children’s emotions become more intense, so they are not yet able to conceal their true feelings

Answer 82

a) children learn how to conceal their emotions and show socially acceptable emotions

Question 83

A 9-year-old boy from a collectivistic culture, such as Japan, would be most likely to describe himself as ______________.
a) really good at maths
b) shy
c) a son
d) funny as can be

Answer 83

c) a son

Question 84

In terms of gender development, during middle childhood, ______________.
a) children increasingly view personality traits as associated with one gender or the other
b) play groups become less gender-segregated than they were in early childhood
c) gender roles become less rigid than earlier in life
d) play groups become less gender-segregated in developed countries only

Answer 84

a) children increasingly view personality traits as associated with one gender or the other

Question 85

Which of the following best illustrates co-regulation?
a) Siblings negotiate a conflict without resorting to physical aggression.
b) A child is able to prepare himself breakfast, provided that he follows his parents’ rules and does not use the stove.
c) A child counts to three and tells himself to calm down after getting angry at his brother.
d) A child describes himself in relation to others.

Answer 85

b) A child is able to prepare himself breakfast, provided that he follows his parents’ rules and does not use the stove.

Question 86

Sam is unpopular and has trouble making friends. He is aggressive and just last week started a fight by punching a boy who disagreed with him. Which of the following is most likely the case? Sam is a(n) ______________ child.
a) neglected
b) rejected
c) controversial
d) average

Answer 86

b) rejected

Question 87

Child labour ______________.
a) has declined worldwide in the past decade
b) is most common in Mexico and Hawaii
c) is considered legal in most countries
d) is difficult to monitor because no international labour organisations exist

Answer 87

a) has declined worldwide in the past decade

Question 88

Watching violent television in middle childhood has been ______________.
a) found to be less harmful than for adolescents
b) studied only with male participants
c) associated with a number of negative outcomes later in development
d) linked with aggression only in the United States

Answer 88

c) associated with a number of negative outcomes later in development

Question 89

Which of the following statements about eating disorders is most accurate?
a) People with bulimia are usually slightly underweight.
b) Bulimia is slightly more common than anorexia nervosa.
c) Over the past decade, anorexia nervosa has become more common in males than females.
d) People with bulimia do not view themselves as having a problem and regard their eating patterns as normal.

Answer 89

b) Bulimia is slightly more common than anorexia nervosa.

Question 90

Vanessa is terrified of becoming fat. Her weight is normal, and most of the time, she has normal eating habits, but sometimes she loses control and ‘binges’ on large amounts of food. in an effort to avoid becoming fat, Vanessa makes herself throw up after these binges. Vanessa is exhibiting symptoms of _______________.
a) bullimia
b) anorexia nervosa
c) pica
d) the secular trend

Answer 90

a) bullimia

Question 91

in the past 10–15 years, what describes young people’s rates of cigarette smoking?
a) Increased
b) Stayed the same
c) Decreased
d) Fluctuated

Answer 91

c) Decreased

Question 92

Which of the following adolescents is LeAST likely to be a heavy drinker?
a) Cheng, from China
b) Karl, from Germany
c) Jon, from New Zealand
d) Marc, from Canada

Answer 92

a) Cheng, from China

Question 93

Rather than turning to other coping strategies, such as talking about his problems or even taking a walk to burn off steam, John smokes pot to reduce stress, anxiety or sadness. This pattern of substance use is referred to as _______________.
a) medicinal substance use
b) addictive substance use
c) social substance use
d) experimental substance use

Answer 93

a) medicinal substance use

Question 94

Oestradiol _______________.
a) is produced only in females
b) increases in females by the mid-teens
c) is an androgen important in pubertal
development
d) is a sex hormone that is regulated by the amygdala

Answer 94

b) increases in females by the mid-teens

Question 95

Which of the following is a secondary sex characteristic?
a) Fallopian tubes
b) Ova
c) Breasts
d) Vagina

Answer 95

c) Breasts

Question 96

in regard to the onset/timing of puberty, who of the following is more at risk for substance use and delinquency?
a) late-maturing boys
b) On-time maturing boys
c) Early-maturing girls
d) late-maturing girls

Answer 96

c) Early-maturing girls

Question 97

Tran is an 8-year-old girl who lives in a Western country in an urban area. if one were to compare the timing of puberty for Tran to the timing of puberty for her ancestral female lineage, one would expect that Tran will experience puberty _______________ others did in her family’s history.
a) similar to when
b) younger than
c) slightly older than
d) significantly older than

Answer 97

b) younger than

Question 98

In many traditional cultures, young men are required to demonstrate courage, strength and endurance in their coming-of-age rituals because _______________.
a) daily life often requires these capacities
b) it is a way to show off for the young women observing
c) they want to assert their power over women their
d) national law dictates that they must

Answer 98

a) daily life often requires these capacities

Question 99

The most important oestrogen is oestradiol and the most important androgen is _______________.
a) human growth hormone
b) testosterone
c) leptin
d) insulin

Answer 99

b) testosterone

Question 100

Which of the following best describes pubertal timing?
a) The average age of menarche is much later today than it was in earlier generations.
b) Menarche takes place as late as age 15 in some developing countries, due to lack of proper nutrition and medical care.
c) The timing of puberty has no effect on adolescent boys.
d) The effects of early maturation are generally positive for girls.

Answer 100

b) Menarche takes place as late as age 15 in some developing countries, due to lack of proper nutrition and medical care.

Question 101

Puberty rituals _______________.
a) developed to mark the departure from adolescence into emerging adulthood
b) are only carried out for females and are most often related to menstruation
c) are declining in many cultures as a consequence of globalisation
d) focus on a particular biological event across al lcultures

Answer 101

c) are declining in many cultures as a consequence of globalisation

Question 102

The substance use of an adolescent who drinks alcohol to relieve feelings of sadness and loneliness would be classified as _______________.
a) social substance use
b) medicinal substance use
c) experimental substance use
d) addictive substance use

Answer 102

a) social substance use

Question 103

Compared to the concrete thinking abilities displayed in childhood, the ability to reason in adolescence _______________.
a) utilises the hypothetical thinking involved in a scientific experiment
b) involves more random attempts at problem solving as they persist longer
c) differs quantitatively, but not qualitatively
d) is not significantly different

Answer 103

b) involves more random attempts at problem solving as they persist longer

Question 104

Which of the following best represents the research on formal operational thinking across cultures?
a) Formal operational thinking takes the same form, regardless of culture.
b) individuals in collectivistic cultures take much longer to develop formal operations.
c) Formal operational thinking only exists in developed countries.
d) The way that formal operational thinking is manifested is likely different across different cultures.

Answer 104

a) Formal operational thinking takes the same form, regardless of culture.

Question 105

Compared to his 7-year-old brother, a 14-year-old will have an easier time reading a book and listening to music at the same time because he is more adept at _______________.
a) using mnemonic devices consistently
b) tasks that require divided attention
c) tasks that require transfer of information from sensory memory to short-term memory
d) maximising his metamemory

Answer 105

b) tasks that require divided attention

Question 106

Compared to his brother at university, Jonah is more likely to think that if he starts smoking marijuana, he will be able to quit when he wants to and nothing bad will happen. This way of thinking demonstrates _______________.
a) the personal fable
b) the imaginary audience
c) selective attention
d) hypothetical reasoning

Answer 106

a) the personal fable

Question 107

After learning to knit a simple scarf with her grandmother’s guidance, Alexis began to knit a jumper while on break from university. She went over to her grandmother’s once when she had a question. By the time Alexis had to go back to university, she had nearly finished the jumper. She finished it a few weeks later while she was back at university, needing only one Skype session to help her. After Alexis finished the jumper, her grandmother mailed her a pattern so she can knit a book bag. This illustrates _______________.
a) selective attention
b) synaptic pruning
c) scaffolding
d) hypothetical-deductive reasoning

Answer 107

c) scaffolding

Question 108

Compared to schools in the West, those in Asian countries _______________.
a) have a shorter school day
b) are all sex-segregated
c) focus almost exclusively on rote learning
d) place a greater emphasis on creativity

Answer 108

c) focus almost exclusively on rote learning

Question 109

Adolescents in developed countries who work part time _______________.
a) are less likely to use drugs and alcohol than their non-working counterparts
b) have higher grades at school than other students
c) usually contribute the majority of their earnings to support the household income
d) do not typically see their high school jobs as the basis for a future career

Answer 109

d) do not typically see their high school jobs as the basis for a future career

Question 110

A developmental psychologist would most likely use the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) to _______________.
a) evaluate the strength of cohort differences
b) examine changes in emotions at various time points
c) examine how different environmental experiences affect brain development
d) determine whether behavioural differences between males and females become more pronounced in the transition from childhood to adolescence

Answer 110

b) examine changes in emotions at various time points

Question 111

Adolescents are most likely to exhibit their false selves with _______________.
a) close friends
b) dating partners
c) acquaintances
d) parents

Answer 111

b) dating partners

Question 112

In traditional cultures, girls reach womanhood mainly through _______________.
a) their achievements
b) the same means that males reach manhood
c) their biological changes
d) protecting their young

Answer 112

c) their biological changes

Question 113

Research on Kohlberg’s stages of moral development has shown that _______________.
a) the stage of moral reasoning achieved tends to increase with age
b) over time, people regress to an earlier stage of moral reasoning
c) people often skip stages and advance to the highest stage in adulthood
d) the majority of people reach Stage 5: community right and individual rights orientation

Answer 113

a) the stage of moral reasoning achieved tends to increase with age

Question 114

Religiosity in adolescence is _______________.
a) usually lowest among African Americans
b) associated with lower rates of delinquency
c) highest in european and Asian countries
d) the same regardless of whether adolescents’ parents are married or divorced

Answer 114

b) associated with lower rates of delinquency

Question 115

In Western countries, conflict with parents _______________.
a) remains constant during adolescence
b) steadily increases until the end of emerging adulthood
c) declines in late adolescence
d) is highest during middle childhood

Answer 115

c) declines in late adolescence

Question 116

Who comprises the source of adolescents’ happiest experiences?
a) Friends
b) Parents
c) Extended family
d) Siblings

Answer 116

a) Friends

Question 117

On the basis of anthropological evidence, the United States would be considered a(n) ______________ culture in terms of its cultural beliefs about the acceptability (or not) of premarital sex.
a) permissive
b) authoritarian
c) semi-restrictive
d) restrictive

Answer 117

c) semi-restrictive

Question 118

Research on the media use of adolescents _______________.
a) has found that only females report that they enjoy the social aspect of gaming
b) has found that adolescents in industrialised countries use media for about 2 hours every day
c) has focused primarily on the benefits, such as increasing problem-solving ability and strategising
d) has shown that the content of electronic games is related to their emotional responses

Answer 118

d) has shown that the content of electronic games is related to their emotional responses

Question 119

Which of the following best describes the relationships between age and crime?
a) Adolescents are less likely than adults to commit crimes because they do not have enough opportunity to do so.
b) Adolescents are less likely to be the victims of crime than children or adults are.
c) Adolescents are likely to commit crimes alone because they worry about their reputation if they get caught.
d) A small percentage of adolescents commit the majority of crimes.

Answer 119

d) A small percentage of adolescents commit the majority of crimes.

Question 120

Which of the following statements about depression is most accurate?
a) Rates of major depressive disorder are higher among adolescents than rates of depressed mood.
b) Psychotherapy alone was as effective in treating adolescent depression as psychotherapy combined with medication.
c) Rates of depressed mood rise substantially from middle childhood to adolescence.
d) Boys are more likely than girls to show increases in depressed mood during adolescence.

Answer 120

c) Rates of depressed mood rise substantially from middle childhood to adolescence.

Question 121

Research on resilience has shown that _______________.
a) bouncing back from adversity requires a high level of achievement and extraordinary abilities
b) high intelligence characterises many individuals who are considered resilient
c) as a group, girls are more resilient than boys
d) parenting has no influence on resilience

Answer 121

b) high intelligence characterises many individuals who are considered resilient