Weeks 3 & 4 - Toddlerhood & early childhood Flashcards by Crystal Z

__________ and ________ play increase in the early years
a. associative and social
b. parallel and associative
c. solitary and onlooker
d. unoccupied and parallel

a. associative and social

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Evolutionary perspectives on the importance of play emphasise:
a. Play occurs across human cultures
b. Play is observed in animal species
c. Play provides an opportunity to practice skills required for adulthood
d. All of the above

d. All of the above

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Numerous studies have determined that girls most often play in what ways in their play groups? They engage in ____.
a. rough and tumble, high activity and aggressive play
b. quiet play, role playing, fantasy and cooperative play
c.competitive play in which there is clear ‘winners’
d. solitary play

b. quiet play, role playing, fantasy and cooperative play

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What type of aggression is involved when a child wants something and uses aggressive behaviour or words to get it?
a. Instrumental aggression
b. Hostile aggression
c. Physical aggression
d. Verbal aggression

a. Instrumental aggression

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What parenting style is high in demandingness, but low in responsiveness?
a. Authoritative
b. Authoritarian
c. Permissive
d. Disengaged

b. Authoritarian

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Which of the following parenting styles is characteristic of high demandingness and high responsiveness?
a. Authoritative
b. Authoritarian
c. Permissive
d. Disengaged

a. Authoritative

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Research suggests children from what group especially benefit cognitively from preschool?
a. Families who had parents who were professionals
b. Affluent families
c. Divorced families
d. Low-income families

d. Low-income families

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As a child becomes better at perspective-taking and develops a greater ability to understand the emotions and feelings of others, he or she will have a greater capacity to experience ____.
a. primary emotions
b. empathy
c. egocentrism
d. animism

b. empathy

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During early childhood, emotional self-regulation is considered ____.
a. very unlikely to be accomplished
b. one of the major developmental tasks
c. not possible until the child completely understands the concept of ‘self’
d. entirely influenced by environmental factors

b. one of the major developmental tasks

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What term describes the social rules for using language in interaction with others?
a. Grammar
b. Pragmatics
c. Social Construction
d. Animism

b. Pragmatics

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According to Piaget, _____ is the inability to distinguish between your own perspective and another person’s perspective.
a. Reversibility
b. Centration
c. Egocentrism
d. Conservation

c. Egocentrism

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You are visiting your sister, who has 4-year-old twins. They ask if they can have some milk and you are pouring it for them. One glass you choose is tall and thin and the other is short and wide. After you pour the milk, your niece is very unhappy because you gave ‘more’ milk to your nephew. You actually gave each of them the same amount, but your niece and nephew lack the mental ability to ____.
a. conserve
b. operate
c. centre
d. tertiary operate

a. conserve

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According to Piaget, children from the ages of 2 to 7 are in the ____ stage of cognitive development.
a. sensorimotor
b. preoperational
c. concrete operations
d. formal operations

b. pre operational

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What marks the beginning of representational thought? When children begin to ____.
a. remember where they left play objects
b. recognise their family members
c. internalise the images of their sensorimotor activities
d. externalise their true wishes and desires

c. internalise the images of their sensorimotor activities

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The mortality rate for children under age 5 has been greatly reduced in developing nations as a result of which of the following factors?
a. Increased parental education and increased level of income
b. Increased iron consumption and decreased childhood vaccinations
c. Increased parental income and increased level of education
d. Increased food production and increased childhood vaccinations

d. Increased food production and increased childhood vaccinations

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_____ lobe grows faster than the rest of the cerebral cortex during early childhood.
a. The frontal
b. The parietal
c. The occipital
d. The temporal

a. The frontal

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By age 3, the brain is about ____ of its adult weight, and by age 6 it is ____.
a. 50%; 70%
b. 60%; 80%
c. 70%; 90%
d. 80%; 100%

c. 70%, 90%

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____ in developing countries causes a considerably lower average for height and weight during early childhood.
a. Higher nutrition and a lower likelihood of childhood diseases
b. Lower parental care and the lack of folic acid
c. Lower nutrition and higher likelihood of childhood diseases
d. Higher parental care and an abundance of folic acid

c. Lower nutrition and higher likelihood of childhood diseases

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Mehrak lives in Australia and measures 108 centimetres. She is in good health and her paediatrician says she is developing at a normal pace. It is safe to say that Mehrak is around ____.

a. 3 years old
b. 4 years old
c. 5 years old
d. 6 years old

c. 5 years old

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Authoritative parenting style is characteristic of ____.
a. high demandingness and high responsiveness
b. high demandingness and low responsiveness
c. low demandingness and low responsiveness
d. low demandingness and high responsiveness

a. high demandingness and high responsiveness

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You come from a family that is very athletic. You and several other family members had athletic scholarships in college and an uncle who played professional baseball. You have tried to get your 18-month-old interested in kicking a small soccer ball. Although he wants to play with you and approaches the ball, he has not been able to kick it. After taking a developmental course, you find that ____.

a. your son is very far behind in motor development
b. he is actually too young to be expected to kick a ball
c. if you work with him and make it fun, he will be able to kick the ball
d. your son is likely disabled

b. he is actually too young to be expected to kick a ball

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What group of children is more likely to be more independent and socially confident?
a. Children who are from families who had parents who were professionals
b. Children from affluent families
c. Children who attend preschool
d. Children from low-income families

c. Children who attend preschool

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Although their pronunciation of words is not as precise as it will become later, at what age can most toddlers speak clearly enough to make themselves understood about nearly anything they wish?

a. 1 year
b. 2 years
c. 3 years
d. 4 years

c. 3 years

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Whose theory of cognitive development is often referred to as a sociocultural theory?

a. R. J. Sternberg
b. Jean Piaget
c. Lev Vygotsky
d. B. F. Skinner

c. Lev Vygotsky

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Your brother is very impressed with his 4-year-old daughter’s development, particularly in emotional regulation. He asks your opinion about his observations and you tell him that her advances in development are likely due to ____. a. superior genetics b. growth in her frontal lobe c. superior parenting d. the new preschool that she is now attending

b. growth in her frontal lobe

____ is when children focus attention on managing their emotions. a. Effortful control b. Emotions management c. External regulation d. Extraterrestrial force

a. Effortful control

Mary Ainsworth is best known for her research on attachment and her use of ____. a. rhesus monkeys b. goslings and geese c. the Strange Situation d. the Visual Cliff

c. the Strange Situation

To be ____ means to be quick to assist or soothe the child when they need it. a. demanding b. responsive c. sensitive d. fruitful

b. responsive

Kuo et al suggest nature may boost learning through 5 direct effects on learners. Which of the below are one of these 5 effects: a. enhanced attention b. ALL of the above c. engagement d. decreased stress

b. ALL of the above

According to __________ theory, children learn primarily through modeling. a. social learning b. operant conditioning c. reinforcement d. classical conditioning

a. social learning

Why are the average heights and weights of children in early childhood in developing countries considerably lower than developed countries? a. Genetically the heights of these children are at a maximum b. Children in developing countries are obese c. Poor nutrition and diseases d. Poor school lunches and poorly trained teachers

c. Poor nutrition and diseases

Which of the following statements is an accurate portrayal of a 10-year-old social comparison? a. Johnny pushed me and then took my toy truck b. I'm a fast runner and I like soccer c. I'm really good at math d. I'm good at spelling, but there are three kids in my class who are better than me

d. I'm good at spelling, but there are three kids in my class who are better than me

Two-year-old Carmen is trying to fit pieces into a wooden puzzle form. Her father helps Carmen turn the pieces so they fit snuggly in place. As Carmen’s skill improves, her father steps back, letting her try on her own. This example illustrates the concept of __________. a. novelty preference b. scaffolding c. accommodation d. sustained attention

b. scaffolding

Four-year-old Jasmine is shown two identical tall glasses of water and agrees that they contain the same amount of liquid. When the liquid is poured into a short, wide container, she says that there is more water in the shorter container because it is “all spread out.” Jasmine is demonstrating a lack of understanding of __________. a. conservation b. dual representation c. reversibility d. animistic thinking

a. conservation

________ is a condition specific to toddlerhood in which protein deficiencies lead to varied symptoms such as swollen bellies and feet, hair loss and lack of energy. a. Hydrocephalus b. Kwashiorkor c. SIDS d. Marasmus

b. Kwashiorkor

Early brain development in toddlerhood is most distinguished by _______. a. the formation of the cerebral cortex b. increased activity in the amygdala c. the production of new brain cells, most notably in the temporal lobe d. the steep increase in the density of synaptic connections among neurons

d. the steep increase in the density of synaptic connections among neurons

Which statement best describes sleep behaviour during toddlerhood? a. Sleeping alone is rare in traditional cultures b. The increased sense of self results in most toddlers wanting to sleep alone c. Increased activity results in children sleeping more than they did in infancy d. Children sleep consistently through the night

a. Sleeping alone is rare in traditional cultures

Last week your neighbours told you that their 18-month-old son has been sleeping through the night for the past 2 months. They were very happy about this new development and were looking forward to many more months of a good night's sleep. This week, however, they say their son has started waking up at night and has been pretty fussy during the day. What is the likely reason for this waking and fussing? a. He has been drinking too much before bedtime. b. His increased activity makes it harder for him to slow down and sooth himself. c. He is going through a growth spurt. d. His molars are coming in, and he is teething.

d. His molars are coming in, and he is teething.

Garret is approaching toddlerhood. During the next year he should be able to _______. a. brush his teeth b. hold a cup and scribble with crayons c. use a fork and knife with coordination d. walk up and down stairs without holding on to anything

b. hold a cup and scribble with crayons

Which of the following variables has been shown to be correlated with the timing of toilet training in some Western countries? a. Number of children in the family b. Marital status of the caregiver c. Location of the toilet within the house d. Education level of the parents

d. Education level of the parents

In Western cultures, ________. a. children are toilet trained in a nearly identical way as their counterparts in traditional cultures b. views about toilet training have stayed the same over the past several decades c. most children show signs of readiness for toilet training by their first birthday d. a sign of being ready to begin toilet training is starting to do things independently

d. a sign of being ready to begin toilet training is starting to do things independently

You have been trying to toilet train your son, but you are not having much luck. Based on the research, what is most likely to be holding up the process? a. There must be a physical difficulty that will require a medical exam. b. Some children simply take months or potentially years to become fully toilet trained. c. Most females learn to potty train in a week, but almost all boys take several months. d. You are not rewarding him consistently enough when he shows interest.

b. Some children simply take months or potentially years to become fully toilet trained.

You are interested in weaning your toddler. Why is it more of a challenge to wean a toddler than an infant? a. Toddlers are naturally opposed to anything their parents want them to do. b. The toddler is more socially aware and has a greater capacity to exercise intentional behaviour. c. The toddler has developed teeth and might unconsciously resist with biting behaviours. d. Breastfeeding a toddler is more socially acceptable in many cultures.

b. The toddler is more socially aware and has a greater capacity to exercise intentional behaviour.

Nandranie is a toddler from a traditional culture; she would likely _______. a. still be breastfeeding at age 5 b. be abruptly weaned at age 1 c. be given formula instead of breast milk d. have experienced some customary practice for being weaned.

d. have experienced some customary practice for being weaned.

Shareef’s parents bought him a high chair. While sitting in the chair, he intentionally tipped his water in the tray over and over again. According to Piaget, Shareef is at the ______________ stage. a) simple reflexes b) primary circular reactions c) secondary circular reactions d) tertiary circular reactions

tertiary circular reactions

eighteen-month-old Omar saw his father stirring a pot on the stove. The next day he picked uphis toy bowl and spoon and began ‘stirring’ an imaginary substance. This is an example of ______________. a) deferred imitation b) sorting objects into categories c) tertiary circular reactions d) the A-not-B error

a) deferred imitation

When children generally avoid making the A-not-B error, they ______________. a) show the ability to categorise b) have attained object permanence c) are in the stage of tertiary circular reactions d) understand scaffolding

b) have attained object permanence

According to Vygotsky, ______________ is required for cognitive development. a) formal education b) a strong caregiver–child attachment c) social interaction d) a good genetic background

c) social interaction

According to Vygotsky, children learn best if the instruction they are provided is ______________. a) within the zone of proximal development b) concrete in nature c) a good fit with their learning style d) developed by an educational specialist

a) within the zone of proximal development

When it comes to learning what we consider language, the most significant difference between apes and humans is the ______________. a) inability of apes to make requests b) inability of apes to generate word symbols in an infinite number of ways c) inability of apes to learn motor movements and signs from humans d) faster pace of humans’ sign language

b) inability of apes to generate word symbols in an infinite number of ways

Nona was in a serious car accident and suffered damage to her Broca’s area. Which of the following is likely to result? a) She will have difficulty producing speech. b) She will show no emotion. c) She will have difficulty with speech comprehension. d) She will no longer be able to form short-term memories.

a) She will have difficulty producing speech.

Which is an example of overextension? a) A child saying, ‘mummy goed to the store.’ b) A child saying, ‘The sun is smiling at me.’ c) A child calling all men ‘dada’. d) A child saying, ‘mommy gone!’

c) A child calling all men ‘dada’.

Joquain was thirsty, so he looked at his mother, pointed to the glass on the counter and said, ‘Juice.’ This is an example of ______________. a) fast mapping b) underextension c) overregularisation d) a holophrase

d) a holophrase

Research has shown that ______________. a) direct stimulation of language development is discouraged in some cultures b) language development is dependent upon the environment, rather than genes or biology c) in the United States, language development occurs at the same rate across children from different socioeconomic statuses d) maternal responsiveness to Australian children’s vocalisations had no impact on when children reached language milestones

a) direct stimulation of language development is discouraged in some cultures

Which of the following is a sociomoral emotion? a) anger b) guilt c) fear d) happiness

b) guilt

S. was playing in a group of children and showed pride in his ability to fit the right shape piece into the container. This display of pride would most likely be discouraged by parents in ______________. a) the United States b) Canada c) China d) New Zealand

c) China

Researchers secretly dabbed a red spot on the nose of babies of different ages and then placed them in front of a mirror. They were testing ______________. a) expressive language ability b) short-term memory c) self-recognition d) gender identity

c) self-recognition

Gender identity ___________. a) refers to the biological status of being male or female b) develops much more quickly in females than males c) refers to the ability of children to identify themselves as male or female d) develops around age 5

c) refers to the ability of children to identify themselves as male or female

Which of the following statements about gender is TRUE? a) Before toddlerhood, it is only in Western cultures that people communicate gender expectations to boys and girls. b) in the early years, it is mainly siblings who convey cultural gender messages. c) gender development has a biological basis, as well as an environmental basis. d) many of the differences that exist among male and female humans are not true of our closest primate and mammalian relatives.

c) gender development has a biological basis, as well as an environmental basis.

Secure attachment is characterised by ____________. a) the child looking to the mother for approval of gender-appropriate behaviour b) a willingness of the child to use the caregiver as a secure base to explore the environment c) the child acting both relieved and angry at the caregiver after seeing her again after separation d) the child not crying when the mother leaves the room because she or he knows she will return

b) a willingness of the child to use the caregiver as a secure base to explore the environment

Which of the following best describes Morton, a toddler who is considered securely attached based on the Strange Situation test? a) He usually cries upon separation, but when the mother returns, he greets her happily and begins to smile. b) He shows little or no interaction with the mother when she is present and no response when she departs. c) He is less likely than others to explore the room and pushes the mother away when she attempts to comfort him or pick him up. d) Hes seems dazed and detached when the mother leaves the room and remains fearful upon her return.

a) He usually cries upon separation, but when the mother returns, he greets her happily and begins to smile.

At school Brice showed problems, such as hostility and cognitive deficits. Later on, at university, he was diagnosed with various types of psychopathology. Based on the research, he most likely had a(n) _____________ attachment classification: a) insecure-avoidant b) insecure-resistant c) disorganised-disoriented d) difficult

c) disorganised-disoriented

When it comes to attachment, ______________. a) children develop an internal working model of what to expect about their mother’s availability and supportiveness in times of need based on how sensitive and responsive she was over the first year of life b) Ainsworth’s early research found that the majority of toddlers had insecure–resistant attachments to their mothers c) studies involving multiple cultures have found that insecure–avoidant attachment is the most common classification d) studies using the Strange Situation have found no differences in attachment status among children from the United States and Japan

a) children develop an internal working model of what to expect about their mother’s availability and supportiveness in times of need based on how sensitive and responsive she was over the first year of life

in traditional cultures such as Uganda, _____________ can be a major event in the lives of toddlers and may have an influence on the security of attachment. a) beginning to eat solid food b) weaning c) learning to walk d) being away from siblings who are working or at school

b) weaning

Josh is a toddler who lives in New Zealand. His father would most likely be observed in which of the following activities with him? a) Bathing him b) Feeding him c) Teaching him to read d) Playing with him

d) Playing with him

Research on sibling relationships during the toddler years has found that ____________. a) toddlers tend to have a positive reaction to the birth of a younger sibling b) in developed countries, but not in traditional cultures, toddlers have attachments to their siblings c) toddlers’ attachments to their siblings tend to be secondary attachments rather than primary attachments d) only in individualistic cultures is conflict more common with siblings than in any other relationship throughout childhood and adolescence

c) toddlers’ attachments to their siblings tend to be secondary attachments rather than primary attachments

Marcel was diagnosed with autism at the age of 3. Which behaviour would you be most likely to see if you observed him in his day care classroom? a) A preoccupation with talking to adults b) A preoccupation with repetitive movements c) A preoccupation with staring at faces because that is what most interests him d) A tendency to interrupt others until they look at him and include him in the conversation

b) A preoccupation with repetitive movements

Research has shown that ______________. a) children are only able to learn to model aggressive behaviours during toddlerhood because prosocial behaviours require more advanced cognitive development b) it is rare to have a television in a young child’s room c) the displacement effect is no longer considered a problem because of all the media options available d) screen media can have a positive effect

d) screen media can have a positive effect

During early childhood, ______________. a) the amount of tooth decay is similar between children in developing and developed countries b) girls are slightly taller and heavier than boys c) physical development occurs at a more rapid pace than it did in the first 3 years d) most children become more like adults in terms of their body proportions

d) most children become more like adults in terms of their body proportions

Your cousin has a 5-year-old son and a 3-year-old daughter. He has been taking them to story time at the library, but his daughter is having a very difficult time sitting still, even for 10 minutes. His son is able to sit through the entire story time because his ______________ is more fully developed than his sister’s. a) reticular formation b) hippocampus c) corpus callosum d) cerebellum

a) reticular formation

Limited autobiographical memory prior to age 5 is probably due to incomplete myelination of the ______________. a) reticular formation b) hippocampus c) corpus callosum d) Broca’s area

b) hippocampus

Walter is a 5-year-old boy who lives in New Zealand. Based on the research, if he has a nutritional problem it is most likely to be ______________. a) marasmus b) kwashiorkor c) calcium deficiency d) protein deficiency

c) calcium deficiency

Accidental injury among young children ______________. a) is less of a danger than disease in developing countries b) happens at a greater rate in developed countries than in developing countries c) is equally common among boys and girls d) is extremely rare (less than 5%) because of increased awareness and better technology

a) is less of a danger than disease in developing countries

in early childhood (from age 3 to 6), ______________. a) fine motor skills are refined, but gross motor skills remain the same as they were in toddlerhood b) children from high socioeconomic backgrounds tend to have better gross motor skills than their counterparts from lower socioeconomic backgrounds c) girls and boys are equally skilled at body- coordination skills, such as balancing on one foot d) gender differences in gross motor development appear

d) gender differences in gross motor development appear

Imagine that you have just walked into a classroom during art time and all the children in this particular class are 5 years old. What would you most likely see? a) most of the children drawing something that is recognisable, such as a person or an animal. b) most of the children scribbling on a piece of paper. c) most of the children showing depth and realistic detail in their artwork. d) most of the girls getting frustrated because they cannot hold a crayon or paintbrush.

a) most of the children drawing something that is recognisable, such as a person or an animal.

A child who is left-handed ______________. a) likely first developed this tendency during the preschool years b) is often praised fo uniqueness in non-Western cultures c) will be more likely to learn to be right-handed in Asian or African culture than in Australia d) will always have a left-handed twin if they are monozygotic (mz) twins

c) will be more likely to learn to be right-handed in Asian or African culture than in Australia

A preference for using one hand rather than the other (‘handedness’) can be seen as early as ______________. a) the prenatal period c) toddlerhood b) infancy d) age 5

a) the prenatal period

Which of the following is true regarding handedness? a) A premature birth is more common among left-handed infants. b) left-handed people are less likely to have problems learning to read than right-handed people. c) Children do not show hand preference until they are learning to write. d) left-handed people tend to have poorer verbal and maths abilities than right-handed people.

a) A premature birth is more common among left-handed infants.

in Piagetian terms, which of the following is the principle that the amount of a physical substance remains the same even if its physical appearance changes? a) Physical stability b) Reversibility c) Centration d) Conservation

d) Conservation

Five-year-old Marco draws a picture of a train with a smiley face and sunglasses. This is an example of ______________. a) animism b) sensorimotor thought c) centration d) reversibility

a) animism

Which of the following is TRUE regarding theory of mind? a) it refers to the independence and stubbornness characteristic of toddlers as they develop a sense of self. b) it develops the same way in all cultures. c) it begins to develop around age 5. d) it is measured with false-belief tasks.

d) it is measured with false-belief tasks.

What is one of the factors that make cultural learning in developed countries different from cultural learning in traditional cultures? a) Children in developed countries are often apart from their families for a substantial part of the day, so they do not have as much guided participation in daily activities within the family as children in traditional cultures do. b) Parents in developed countries have assimilated into the culture and are not as interested in teaching their children skills or traditions as parents in traditional cultures are. c) Children in developed countries are not interested in guided participation in daily activities the way children in traditional cultures are. d) Parents in developed countries believe that their children should learn independently.

a) Children in developed countries are often apart from their families for a substantial part of the day, so they do not have as much guided participation in daily activities within the family as children in traditional cultures do.

Learning to set the table in a developed country, such as New Zealand, or to help prepare food in a non-traditional culture, such as Botswana, are examples of cultural learning. According to Vygotsky, these skills ______________. a) develop as part of a social process b) must be learned in the sensorimotor stage first or they never fully develop c) develop best if they take place in a formal setting d) are usually first taught in toddlerhood

a) develop as part of a social process

While learning language, children who learn English and other Western languages have been shown to fast map ______________ first. a) verbs b) nouns c) adjectives d) possessives

b) nouns

Which of the following is TRUE? a) Children learning English fast map nouns earlier than verbs. b) Japanese and Korean children tend to learn nouns before verbs. c) in both Eastern and Western languages, modifiers are added before nouns and verbs. d) vocabulary growth slows down in toddlerhood and then speeds up again by around age 5.

a) Children learning English fast map nouns earlier than verbs.

in Berko’s (1958) classic experiment, she showed young children a picture of a figure called a ‘wug’ and then showed them two of these figures. She then asked them to respond to the following statement: ‘Now there are two ______________’. Berko was measuring children’s understanding of what? a) overextension b) possessives c) pragmatics d) grammar

d) grammar

Four-year-old Nicco uses infant-directed speech when talking to his neighbour’s new baby. This demonstrates ______________. a) overregularisation b) fast mapping c) pragmatics d) existence of the language acquisition device

c) pragmatics

Which of the following is TRUE regarding emotional regulation? a) The development of the temporal lobe promotes self-regulation. b) Self-regulation develops earlier in boys than in girls. c) Temper tantrums and crying decrease from age 2 to 6. d) different cultures have similar views about what the optimal level of control is.

c) Temper tantrums and crying decrease from age 2 to 6.

in early childhood, ______________. a) moral judgments tend to be based more on fear of punishment than is the case for older children b) children are not yet able to experience empathy c) children from different cultures learn the same moral rules d) children have more difficulty with perspective taking than they did earlier in development because of their stronger sense of self

a) moral judgments tend to be based more on fear of punishment than is the case for older children

Gender identity ______________. a) develops much more quickly in females than males b) includes an understanding that maleness and femaleness are biological c) refers to the ability of children to identify themselves as male or female d) develops around age 5

c) refers to the ability of children to identify themselves as male or female

The way we organise and process information in terms of gender-based categories is referred to as ______________. a) gender stereotyping b) gender constancy c) gender schemas d) self-socialisation

c) gender schemas

Chris realised that even though the teacher dressed up like Michael Jackson for Halloween, she is still a female. Based on this information, one would expect that Chris ______________. a) has not yet attained gender identity, but knows the gender identity of the teacher b) uses gender schemas, but does not yet understand gender constancy c) is a 4-year-old boy d) is a 7-year-old boy

d) is a 7-year-old boy

As a parent of a 3-year-old, you have visited several preschool programs to determine the one that will provide the highest-quality experience. Which of the following should NOT be heavily weighted in your decision about which preschool to choose? a) Whether the teachers have been formally trained and have educational credentials b) Whether the teachers make good use of time by providing worksheets and flashcards to practise numbers and letters c) Whether the teachers spend a lot of time interacting with the children, rather than with each other d) Whether there is a small class size

b) Whether the teachers make good use of time by providing worksheets and flashcards to practise numbers and letters

For the Japanese, ______________. a) preschool is mainly a time for children to learn social skills and gain experience of being a member of a group b) learning academic skills is the number one goal of having their children attend preschool c) the same top reasons for young children to attend preschool are listed by parents and preschool teachers as their counterparts in the United States d) individuality is stressed from the time children enter preschool as a way to encourage them to reach their full potential

a) preschool is mainly a time for children to learn social skills and gain experience of being a member of a group

There is a broad consensus among early childhood scholars that preschool teaching should be based on ______________. a) repetition and rote learning to ensure the mastery of core concepts b) building skills for science, technology, engineering and maths (STEM) c) whole language learning d) unstructured, hands-on experiences

d) unstructured, hands-on experiences

Te Whaˉriki, the early childhood curriculum of New Zealand, incorporates all of the following EXCEPT: a) learning in English only b) holistic development c) communication d) belonging

a) learning in English only

Which characteristics of quality child care and preschool settings were associated with better literacy and numeracy skills and more prosocial and fewer problem behaviours? a) Child-centred, unstructured activities and longer hours b) more books and educational toys c) Smaller teacher-to-student ratios and more teacher-led activities d) Emphasis on teaching academic skills

c) Smaller teacher-to-student ratios and more teacher-led activities

Research on parenting has found that ______________. a) the two main dimensions of parenting are demandingness and strictness b) children of permissive parents tend to do better at school than children of other parenting styles because they learn to think for themselves c) there are bidirectional effects between parents and their children d) the outcomes for children of authoritative parents are virtually identical to outcomes for children of permissive parents

a) the two main dimensions of parenting are demandingness and strictness

If parents listen receptively to opinions from their children, their parenting style is considered to be ______________. a) authoritative b) authoritarian c) child-centred d) autocratic

a) authoritative

The dimension of parenting known as responsiveness is also known as ______________. a) setting limits b) psychological control c) warmth d) disengagement

c) warmth

The use of shame as a punishment ______________. a) is referred to as psychological control among American researchers b) has been related to positive outcomes among Japanese and Aboriginal cultures c) is associated with high rates of behavioural problems in Japanese children d) is universally accepted as the best method of discipline because it does not include physical punishment

b) has been related to positive outcomes among Japanese and Aboriginal cultures

Which of the following is the most accurate statement based on existing research? a) Western parents tend to use a lot of praise for compliant behaviour. b) Not all cultures have some system of discipline for misbehaviour; some feel that children are inherently good and do not need discipline. c) Permissive parenting would be most likely in cultures that have a tradition of filial piety. d) Japanese mothers usually respond to their children’s misbehaviour with loud reprimands and physical punishment.

a) Western parents tend to use a lot of praise for compliant behaviour.