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Experimental Psychology > Weeks 1-7 > Flashcards

Weeks 1-7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe what simple and main effects are?

A

simple effects are the statistical effects determined when analysing interaction effects, while main effects are the statistical effects of IVs

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1
Q

The SNK test is also known as….

A

Neuman-Kuells test

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2
Q

What is cluster sampling?`

A

Clusters are selected from the population, and then a random sample of individuals are taken from each of the selected clusters

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2
Q

What is Error Rate Per Comparison?

A

The probability of making a Type 1 error on any given comparison

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2
Q

In the case of two IVs we calculate three versions of _____, one for each IV and one for the interaction of the IVs treatment

A

MS

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3
Q

What two types of samples can you obtain?

A

Probability samples, and non-probability samples

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4
Q

Stratified Sampling?

A

The population is divided intro strata groups (subgroups) and then a random sample is selected from each of the strata

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4
Q

The ___ is heavliy influenced by extreme scores

A
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5
Q

What are mean, median, SD, mode called in a sample?

A

Statistics

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6
Q

A steep curve in kurtosis with a positive value is called

A

Leptokurtic

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6
Q

The difference between the largest and smallest value is called the ___

A

Range

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6
Q

Ó2 is the symbol for _____ variance

A

Population

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7
Q

How many F Values would you have if you had a factorial between groups ANOVA?

A

3: 2 IVs; 1 interaction

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8
Q

Is there always error in research?

A

Yes

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8
Q

What statistic do use receive from spss from ANOVAS

A

an F score

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8
Q

____ describes how many people there are in the extremes of the curve

A

Kurtosis

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8
Q

Compared to the one way ANOVA, in a one-way repeated measures ANOVA the ___ is reduced by removing the contribution made by individual differences

A

error

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8
Q

A ___ is when the effect of one IV on the DV depends on the level of the other IV

A

interaction

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9
Q

What is the third MS variable in a repeated measures ANOVA

A

MS between subjects

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9
Q

s2 is the symbol for ____ variance

A

Sample

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10
Q

The repeated measures ANOVA is very efficient so long as the scores _____ substantially

A

Correlate

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10
Q

The ‘test of within subjects effects’ table is the output in a …

A

One-Way Repeated-Measures ANOVA

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10
Q

In a mixed factorial ANOVA you ‘split’ the file by the ____-____ IV

A

between-subjects

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11
Q

If Ho is true, than MS error and MS treatment should be…

A

equal, or the same

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12
Q

When do you use a z test?

A

When you know the population standard deviation

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13
Q

What extra assumptions are their for some repeated measures analyses

A

Test of Sphericity

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14
Q

O 2 e is?

A

MS error

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15
Q

Generalisability of results, interaction effects, economy, and being a very useful, common design are all advantages of the …?

A

Mixed factorial design

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15
Q

Is a case study and survey method under the subgroup of descriptive research?

A

Yes

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17
Q

When looking at mixed factorial ANOVA interactions, what setting do you change in SPSS?

A

Split File

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17
Q

When would you use the Assumption of Homogeneity of Covariance?

A

When using a mixed factorial design

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17
Q

What does η2 Stand for?

A

Eta Squared

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18
Q

What does the Bonferroni correction calculate?

A

it adjusts the alpha level to equal alpha/ number of comparisons

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19
Q

What is a type 1 and 2 error?

A

1 when you incorrectly reject the H0, 2 when you incorrectly retain the HO

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19
Q

Is is most of the time easier to find a statistical difference within subjects?

A

Yes

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19
Q

When looking at mixed factorial ANOVA interactions, what setting do you change in SPSS?

A

Split File

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19
Q

Xij =μ+τj +eij What analysis uses this structual model?

A

ANOVA structual model

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21
Q

Sphericity is only useful when you have more than ___ level in your within-subjects variable with what test?

A

Mixed Factorial ANOVA

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22
Q

If MS treatment is a lot bigger than MS error than…?

A

there is a effect of the treatment, or manipulation

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23
Q

The ____ error is a common way of measuring sampling error?

A

standard error

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24
Q

To work out if there is a difference between several (more than two) groups, we calculate the population variance ____

A

Twice

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25
Q

______ of results is one of the major advantages of a Factorial Design

A

Generalisability

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26
Q

Homogeneity of Covariance is an assumption of the between subjects component of a …

A

Mixed factorial design

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26
Q

Xijk =μ+αi +βj +αβij +eijk What ANOVA uses this structural model?

A

Between Groups ANOVA

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27
Q

What 3 types of Factorial ANOVAS are there?

A

Factorial Between groups ANOVA, Factorial Repeated Measures ANOVA, Mixed (split-plot) Factorial ANOVA

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28
Q

The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic is called the ____ error

A

Standard Error

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28
Q

MS stands for?

A

Mean Square

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29
Q

When do you use a one-way repeated measures ANOVA?

A

When there is only one independent variable, more than three levels, and participants are tested twice

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31
Q

Descritpvie, predictive, and ____ research are the three types of Psychological research stratergies

A

explanatory

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33
Q

What is the Kurtosis name for : 1 a normal distribution, 2 a very steeped curve distribution, 3 a flat curve distribution?

A

1 mesokurtic, 2 leptokurtic, 3 platykurtic

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33
Q

Xijk* =μ+α*i* +π*j*/*i* +β*k* +αβ*ik* +πβ*jk*/*i* +*eijk

A

Mixed Factorial ANOVA

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34
Q

What is the inter quartile range?

A

The middle 2, 25% sections, (without the outliers or the outer 25% on each side)

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34
Q

Xij =μ+πi +τj +eij This is the structual model for what ANOVA?

A

Repeated measures ANOVA

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35
Q

What is convenience (grab) sampling?

A

Sample is drawn from an accessible population

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36
Q

What analyses do you use to follow up Factorial ANOVA interactions ?

A

Simple effect analyses

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37
Q

What is linear contrast>

A

Linear contrasts can be thought of as like a t test where you can compare not just groups but sets of groups (you assign weights to groups)

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39
Q

Is it impossible to attain all data from a population?

A

Yes

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40
Q

What are the most appropriate follow up tests to use for a One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA?

A

repeated-measures tests using the Bonferonni correction

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42
Q

What are the two types of data?

A

Numerical and nominal

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42
Q

What is the most stable estimate of central tendency across samples?

A

Mean

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43
Q

What is Sphericity?

A

The variability in the differences between any pair of groups of scores should be approximately equal to the variability in the differences between any other pairs of group scores

45
Q

Is numerical or nominal data quantitative?

A

Numerical

47
Q

How many MSerror/s calculated in a between subjects factorial ANOVA?

A

1 MSerror

48
Q

Explanatory research is usually involved in _____, while predicitve reserach is usually involed in ____

A

Experiments; correlation

49
Q

Explain a 4x3x2x5 factorial design

A

4 IVs with levels of 4 3 2 5 respectively

50
Q

Generalisability of Results, Interaction Effects and Economy are all advantages of …

A

Factorial ANOVA

52
Q

The characteristics of a populations are called _____

A

Parameters

54
Q

What is sample error?

A

Sampling error is the difference between sample data and population data (difference between statistics and parameters)

56
Q

What is an inference?

A

A proposed causal link between our sample and how it represents a population

56
Q

Name the three advantages of Factorial ANOVA?

A

Generalisability of results, Interaction Effects, and Economy

58
Q

How many MSerror scores are calculated in a between subjects factorial ANOVA?

A

1

59
Q

Power is…

A

The probability of correctly rejecting a galse null hypothesis

61
Q

σ e2 = ∑ s 2j / k

Does this depend on the H0 Being True?

A

No it does not: this is MS error

62
Q

What is Quota Sampling?

A

Population is broken into categories, then participants selected based on reaching a specified proportion

64
Q

In the Mixed Factorial ANOVA, the Box Test of Equality is used for the Homogeneity of _____

A

Covariance

66
Q

In the repeated measures ANOVA, to get homogenity of variance, you divide the largest sample variance by the smallest sample variance to get a F___

A

Fmax

67
Q

You are more likely to have a ____ sampling error if you don’t use random sampling OR have a small sample

A

Large

68
Q

Snowball Sampling?

A

Recruit participants based on recommendations from already recruited participants

69
Q

What test do you use in regards to the normal distribution when you do not know the population standard deviation?

A

A t test

70
Q

What is a type 1 and 2 error?

A

1 when you incorrectly reject the H0, 2 when you incorrectly retain the HO

72
Q

Represents the largest number of people; Is a real score from the data set; can be used with nominal data…These are the advantages of what measures of central tendecny?

A

Mode

73
Q

What is the Kurtosis name for : 1 a normal distribution, 2 a very steeped curve distribution, 3 a flat curve distribution?

A

1 mesokurtic, 2 leptokurtic, 3 platykurtic

75
Q

______ effects are a very important advantage of Factorial Designs

A

Interaction

76
Q

In skewness, is -.66 more to the positive or negative side?

A

Negative (hight to the right)

78
Q

By calculating a statistic, we are giving a ____ estimate of a parameter, compared to a confidence interval which gives a ___ estimate of a parameter

A

point; Interval

79
Q

When do you use a z test?

A

When you know the population standard deviation

80
Q

Generalisability of results, Interaction effects, and Economy are the three advantages what ANOVA?

A

Factorial

81
Q

It is always better to look at the effect of the within-subject variable at each level of the between subjects variable seperatly, in a ____ ____ ANOVA

A

Mixed Factoria ANOVA

82
Q

What measure of central tendency is relatively unaffected by extreme scores?

A

Median

82
Q

The best first thing to do when you have a significant interaction is ….

A

Look at the graph

83
Q

σ e2 = n s X2

Does this depend on the H0 being true?

A

Yes it does: this is MS error

85
Q

What are mean, median, SD, mode called in a population?

A

Parameters

86
Q

What is a sample?

A

A set of scores from our population of interest

87
Q

Xij* =μ+τ*j* +*eij

A

ANOVA structual Model

88
Q

What is systematic sampling?`

A

Sample chosen from a list of all individuals in population by selecting every Kth individual

90
Q

Xij* =μ+π*i* +τ*j* +*eij

A

Repeated Measures ANOVA

90
Q

If the Fmax is less than ten, we can conclude….

A

That the homogeneity of variance assumption has not been violated

90
Q

MSerror is the ___ condition variance, while MStreatment is the ____ condition variance

A

Within;Between

91
Q

The most straightforward way of hypothesis testing of means is what type of test?

A

Z score

92
Q

A flat curve that has a negative value is called

A

Platykurtic

93
Q

It is easier to find statistical significance in a One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA because over the two test sessions we can take out the constant ___ of people

A

the bit that is special to them

94
Q

σ e2 = ∑ s 2j / k ?

A

MS error

95
Q

The formula for F is?

A

MS treatment divided by MS error

96
Q

Do we talk about RAW data when we are using a standard normal curve?

A

No, that is where we conceptually use Standard Deviation

97
Q

To calculate _____ you pool the estimates of variance from each group in our study

A

MS error

98
Q

There is (one/two) MSerrors in a mixed factorial design

A

Two; one for the between subjects, one for the within-subjects

99
Q

what is Purposive sampling?

A

Selecting people from a particular category based on the focus of the research

101
Q

A bimodal distribution means two ____

A

Modes

103
Q

When do you use a Factorial ANOVA?

A

when there is more than one independent variable

104
Q

What is an interaction?

A

when there is a significant statistical finding between an interaction between 2 IVs

106
Q

Is is most of the time easier to find a statistical difference within subjects?

A

Yes

107
Q

How many IVs does a one way ANOVA have?

A

1

108
Q

Some of the error is due to ___ rather than the entire population

A

sample

109
Q

Xijk* =μ+α*i* +β*j* +αβ*ij* +*eijk

A

Between groups factorial ANOVA

110
Q

Does the MS error depend upon the HO being accurate?

A

No

111
Q

Explain a 4x3x2x5 factorial design

A

4 IVs with levels of 4 3 2 5 respectively

113
Q

What two types of samples can you obtain?

A

Probability samples, and non-probability samples

114
Q

What is sample error?

A

Sampling error is the difference between sample data and population data (difference between statistics and parameters)

115
Q

What is the square root of the data variance?

A

The Standard Deviation

116
Q

When do you use Simple Effects analyses

A

ONLY when dealing with Factorial ANOVAs

117
Q

What is the probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis?

A

Power

119
Q

What is MS error?

A

an estimate of the population variance

120
Q

What is simple random sampling?

A

Every individual in the population has an equal chance of being part of the sample

122
Q

Random assignment is used in ____ psychological research?

A

explanatory

123
Q

The standard ____ is a common way of measuring sampling error

A

error

124
Q

To calculate power you need to know…

A

Sample size, Alpha level, and desired effect size

125
Q

The Games-Howl is the best post hoc test when what assumption has not been met?

A

Homogeneity of Variance

126
Q

What is MS error?

A

an estimate of the population variance

127
Q

When do you use Simple Effects analyses

A

ONLY when dealing with Factorial ANOVAs

129
Q

σ e2 = n s X2

This is?

A

MS Treatment

130
Q

Does the MS treatment depend assume that the population variance HO is true

A

yes

131
Q

What does the πi in Xij =μ+πi +τj +eij ?

A

The constant of each individual

132
Q

a = .05 is actually the __ rate per _____

A

Error; Comparison

133
Q

Per comparison rate (a) x number of comparisons (c) = ca, or ….

A

the familywise error rate

134
Q

What is the cutoff for the Box Test for Equality?

A

p

135
Q

What is the standard error?

A

Is is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic

136
Q

What is the a main effect?

A

The influence of ONE IV separate of the others

137
Q

What is a Familywise Error Rate?

A

The probability of when you are running multiple comparisons that it could contain at least one type 1 error

138
Q

Is quasi-experimental designs explanatory or predictive?

A

Predictive

139
Q

How many IVs does factorial ANOVAS have?

A

more than 1

140
Q

What is a Familywise Error Rate?

A

The probability of when you are running multiple comparisons that it could contain at least one type 1 error

141
Q

The post hoc test called ___ is really valuable for different samples with large variance

A

scheffe

142
Q

What test has the assumption of homogeneity of Covariance?

A

Mixed Factorial ANOVA

143
Q

If you have a problem with Sphericity in a one-way repeated measures ANOVA what ‘line’ should you use?

A

Huynh-Feldt

144
Q

Xijk =μ+αi +πj/i +βk +αβik +πβjk/i +eijk What ANOVA uses this structural Model?

A

Mixed Factorial ANOVA

145
Q

Most of the time in psychological we are working with what scale of measurement?

A

Interval

146
Q

What is the standard error?

A

It is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic (if you took many samples and grouped all their means)

147
Q

What type of ANOVA are we using when it outputs Main Effects?

A

Factorial ANOVA

148
Q

Are correlational and quasi-experimental predicitve or explanatory?

A

Predicitve

149
Q

A kurtosis score of zero would be called

A

Mesokurtic

150
Q

What is the Kurtosis name for : 1 a normal distribution, 2 a very steeped curve distribution, 3 a flat curve distribution?

A

1 mesokurtic, 2 leptokurtic, 3 platykurtic

151
Q

What is the standard error?

A

It is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic (if you took many samples and grouped all their means)

Experimental Psychology (2 decks)

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